Resolvins are compounds that are made by the human body from the omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). They are produced by the COX-2 pathway especially in the presence of aspirin. Experimental evidence indicates that resolvins reduce cellular inflammation by inhibiting the production and transportation of inflammatory cells and chemicals to the sites of inflammation. They are released and used immunologically by the kidneys as a tool against acute renal failure, when it occurs
Neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1) is a docosanoid derived from the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which is a component of fish oil and the most important omega-3 PUFA. NPD1 exerts potent anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic bioactivity at nanomolar concentrations in a variety of experimental models of brain and retinal disease
Lipoxins are a series of anti-inflammatory mediators. Lipoxins are short lived endogenously produced nonclassic eicosanoids whose appearance in inflammation signals the resolution of inflammation. They are abbreviated as LX, an acronym for lipoxygenase (LO) interaction products. At present two lipoxins have been identified; lipoxin A4 (LXA4) and lipoxin B4 (LXB4)
Resolvins, docosatrienes, and neuroprotectins, novel omega-3-derived mediators, and their aspirin-triggered endogenous epimers: an overview of their protective roles in catabasis.
Serhan CN, Gotlinger K, Hong S, Arita M.
Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 2004 Apr;73(3-4):155-72. Review.
PMID: 15290791
Novel omega -- 3-derived local mediators in anti-inflammation and resolution.
Serhan CN.
Pharmacol Ther. 2005 Jan;105(1):7-21. Review.
PMID: 15626453
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2004.09.002
Controlling inflammation: a fat chance?
Flower RJ, Perretti M.
J Exp Med. 2005 Mar 7;201(5):671-4. Review.
PMID: 15753201
doi:10.1084/jem.20050222
March 7, 2005
Boston, MA - The anti-inflammatory effect of fish oils appears to be due to a powerful anti-inflammatory compound called resolvin (resolution-phase interaction product) E1, which is produced from eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), Dr Makoto Arita (Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA) and colleagues report in the March 7, 2005 issue of the Journal of Experimental Medicine [1]. Arita writes, "At nanomolar levels, resolvin E1 dramatically reduced dermal inflammation, peritonitis, dendritic cell migration, and interleukin (IL)-12 production.
Stereochemical assignment, antiinflammatory properties, and receptor for the omega-3 lipid mediator resolvin E1.
Arita M, Bianchini F, Aliberti J, Sher A, Chiang N, Hong S, Yang R, Petasis NA, Serhan CN.
J Exp Med. 2005 Mar 7;201(5):713-22.
PMID: 15753205
oi:10.1084/jem.20042031
In the November issue of the journal Chemistry and Biology, these researchers add another novel compound to the list of resolvins. It goes by the acronym RvE2 and belongs to the “E series” of resolvins, meaning the compound is generated from eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), the heart-protecting omega-3 fatty acids in fish oil. This new EPA-derived mediator is produced as an intermediate in a biosynthetic pathway that yields the earlier described resolvin E1. Interestingly, this pathway is mediated by the enzyme 5-lipoxygenase, which also catalyzes pro-inflammatory signals. According to the authors, whether 5-lipoxygenase catalyzes a stop-or-go inflammatory signal “appears to be determined via substrate availability” during the time course of an inflammatory response. “Hence, it might be useful to consider resolvins such as RvE2 as endogenous agonists of anti-inflammation and as potential therapeutics,” they noted.
Novel chemical mediators in the resolution of inflammation: resolvins and protectins.
Serhan CN.
Anesthesiol Clin. 2006 Jun;24(2):341-64. Review.
PMID: 16927933
Novel eicosanoid and docosanoid mediators: resolvins, docosatrienes, and neuroprotectins.
Serhan CN.
Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2005 Mar;8(2):115-21. Review.
PMID: 15716788
RvE1 protects from local inflammation and osteoclast- mediated bone destruction in periodontitis.
Hasturk H, Kantarci A, Ohira T, Arita M, Ebrahimi N, Chiang N, Petasis NA, Levy BD, Serhan CN, Van Dyke TE.
FASEB J. 2006 Feb;20(2):401-3. Epub 2005 Dec 22.
PMID: 16373400
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Resolving inflammation: dual anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution lipid mediators.
Serhan CN, Chiang N, Van Dyke TE.
Nat Rev Immunol. 2008 May;8(5):349-61. Review.
PMID: 18437155
doi:10.1038/nri2294
New endogenous anti-inflammatory and proresolving lipid mediators: implications for rheumatic diseases.
Yacoubian S, Serhan CN.
Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol. 2007 Oct;3(10):570-9; quiz 1 p following 589. Review.
PMID: 17906612
Endogenous lipid mediators in the resolution of airway inflammation.
Haworth O, Levy BD.
Eur Respir J. 2007 Nov;30(5):980-92. R
Modulation of inflammatory cytokines by omega-3 fatty acids.
Kang JX, Weylandt KH.
Subcell Biochem. 2008;49:133-43. Review.
PMID: 18751910
Immunomodulation by omega-3 fatty acids.
Calder PC.
Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2007 Nov-Dec;77(5-6):327-35. Epub 2007 Nov 26. Review.
PMID: 18032006
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Omega-3 fatty acids, pro-inflammatory signaling and neuroprotection.
Bazan NG.
Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2007 Mar;10(2):136-41. Review.
PMID: 17285000
Modulation of inflammation in brain: a matter of fat.
Farooqui AA, Horrocks LA, Farooqui T.
J Neurochem. 2007 May;101(3):577-99. Epub 2007 Jan 25. Review.
PMID: 17257165
DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04371.x
Lipoxins and resolvins in inflammatory bowel disease.
Weylandt KH, Kang JX, Wiedenmann B, Baumgart DC.
Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2007 Jun;13(6):797-9. Review.
PMID: 17262807