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Hyperlipid: Professor John Yudkin and Dr Ancel Keys
"Here's a page or so (p163-4) from John Yudkin's book "Pure White and Deadly", 1972 edition. Yudkin begins the chapter with an apology for talking about such uncomfortable disagreements in public. But he liked the truth.
This quote covers opinion from Prof John Yudkin and Dr Meyer Friedman. You can hear their dislike of Keys. Keys was the architect of what has become the current world obesity epidemic and never one to let the truth get in the way of a good idea, as with his six nations "fat causes heart disease" study. Unfortunately Meyer's list of those easily misled did not include gullible politicians who set food policy. Keys was a very successful politico, with intense conviction of his own correctness. Fine if he had been right, which he wasn't."
Retinol-induced Intestinal Tumorigenesis in Min/+ Mice and Importance of Vitamin D Status. - [Anticancer Res. 2009] - PubMed result
"Retinol-induced Intestinal Tumorigenesis in Min/+ Mice and Importance of Vitamin D Status.
Hetland RB, Alexander J, Berg JP, Svendsen C, Paulsen JE.
Anticancer Res. 2009 Nov;29(11):4353-60.
PMID: 20032378
The effects of life-long dietary exposure, starting in utero, to high retinol, low vitamin D, or high retinol in combination with low vitamin D on intestinal tumorigenesis in Min/+ mice were investigated. In males, high retinol alone significantly increased the number (2.6-fold) and size (1.3-fold) of small intestinal tumours; in females no significant increase in tumour number or size was seen. In both genders, low vitamin D intake alone did not affect intestinal tumorigenesis. In males, intake of the combined high retinol/low vitamin D diet did not further increase the effects caused by high retinol alone. In females, however, the high retinol/low vitamin D-induced increase in tumour number (3.1-fold) and tumour size (1.5-fold) exceeded that of high retinol alone. In conclusion, a high dietary intake of retinol stimulated intestinal tumorigenesis in Min/+ mice. Furthermore, the results indicate a combined effect of high retinol and low vitamin D on tumorigenesis in females"
Super Foods: Horseradish: Protection Against Cancer and More - Life Extension
"Horseradish
Protection Against Cancer and More
By Steve Goodman
Horseradish: Protection Against Cancer and More
Whether it’s fighting the flu and respiratory disorders or combating tonsillitis and urinary tract infections, horseradish is a condiment that can help keep you healthy.1-3 Used to treat a wide variety of ailments over centuries, nearly every part of the horseradish plant seems to have some medicinal value. Tea made from its root has been used as an expectorant,1 while tea brewed from its flowers can be used to fight the common cold.3 A poultice can also be made of its roots to externally treat joint discomfort. In addition, raw leaves of horseradish also fulfill a purpose as a natural analgesic and, pressed against the forehead, can eliminate headache pain. Furthermore, an infusion of horseradish has known antibiotic properties,4-6 which have been proven effective against pathogenic fungi.4,5
A perennial plant, horseradish is related to mustard, cabbage, and other cruciferous vegetables. Despite its long history as a versatile herbal remedy, however, perhaps the most interesting health benefit of horseradish is emerging from recent studies of its anticancer effects."
NephroPal: Summer vs Winter Mode: Explaining AMPK
"Summer vs Winter Mode: Explaining AMPK
Last year I read an article which made a statement that has not left my mind. The statement went as follows: "You are only good as your mitochondria." In fact, the more a dwell into the details of human metabolism, the more I sense that this is true - especially with the metabolic syndrome.
For those who are not familiar with the concept of mitochondria, they are the tiny energy factories within the cells that produce cellular energy through aerobic means (meaning oxygen). Mitochondria utilize oxygen to ultimately produce Adenosine Triphosphate or simply ATP. ATP relays energy by donating a phosphate bond resulting in Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP). Another phosphate release would entail Adenosine Monophosphate or AMP. ATP is one of the main sources of cellular energy in the body."
Vytorin Recall: New study shows vytorin and zetia less effective than niacin | Beasley Allen
"Vytorin has struck out again, this time in a clinical trial that compared the drug’s safety and efficacy to a prescription form of the B vitamin niacin. The results of the trial, which the New England Journal of Medicine featured in an article and two editorials, were presented Sunday at an American Heart Association meeting and showed that in a direct comparison, niacin worked significantly better than Vytorin and Zetia in reducing arterial blockages. According to a report in NPR, “This study is the third to question whether ezetimibe drugs do what they’re supposed to.”
If lowering LDL or “bad” cholesterol is the doctor’s sole intention when prescribing Vytorin to patients, then the drug does a great job. However, as previous studies have shown, lower levels of LDL cholesterol don’t automatically translate to cleaner arteries and lower incidences of cardiac arrest. While Vytorin worked better than statins combined with time-release Niacin to lower LDL cholesterol in 200 patients, its performance was inferior in reducing artery clogging deposits."
Niacin best for raising good cholesterol | ZDNet Healthcare | ZDNet.com
"Want more of that good HDL cholesterol?
Try a timed-release niacin, and be skeptical if your doctor gives the sales pitch for Zetia or Vytorin.
The authority for this is a study dubbed ARBITER-6, which was stopped suddenly this summer, with the study’s authors insisting safety had nothing to do with it.
It was a question of efficacy.
The results, described in the New England Journal of Medicine, make clear that niacin does better at the main job, keeping arteries open"
Statins do not eliminate risk of low HDL-cholesterol levelsl - theheart.org
"November 17, 2009 | Michael O'Riordan
Orlando, FL - Low levels of HDL cholesterol, even among statin-treated patients, are associated with a significantly increased risk of cardiovascular disease, particularly the risk of MI, a new study has shown. To reduce the residual risk of disease among these well-treated patients, researchers say clinicians should also focus on HDL-cholesterol levels, despite the failure of recent HDL-cholesterol-raising drugs and the lack of hard outcomes data.
"In common clinical practice, my sense is that among healthcare providers, once they aggressively lower LDL-cholesterol levels, the thinking is that they have done all they can do to remove their patient's cardiovascular disease risk," senior investigator Dr Richard Karas (Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA) told heartwire. "The thinking is that because the LDL-cholesterol levels are so well treated, we won't have to worry about HDL cholesterol."
Presenting the results of a new meta-analysis here at the American Heart Association (AHA) 2009 Scientific Sessions, Karas stressed that the findings are not meant to minimize the use of statin medications for lowering LDL cholesterol, a cornerstone for reducing cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality. Instead, he said, the results show that statins do not mitigate the risks associated with low HDL-cholesterol levels."
NEJM -- Extended-Release Niacin or Ezetimibe and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness
Extended-release niacin or ezetimibe and carotid intima-media thickness.
Taylor AJ, Villines TC, Stanek EJ, Devine PJ, Griffen L, Miller M, Weissman NJ, Turco M.
N Engl J Med. 2009 Nov 26;361(22):2113-22. Epub 2009 Nov 15.
PMID: 19915217
Conclusions This comparative-effectiveness trial shows that the use of extended-release niacin causes a significant regression of carotid intima–media thickness when combined with a statin and that niacin is superior to ezetimibe. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00397657 [ClinicalTrials.gov] .
Where does the gene activity of youth go? New findings may hold the key
"November 26, 2008
New evidence may explain why it is that we lose not only our youthful looks, but also our youthful pattern of gene activity with age. A report in the November 26th issue of the journal Cell, a Cell Press publication, reveals that a protein perhaps best known for its role in the life-extending benefits of a low-calorie diet also maintains the stability of the mammalian genome—the complete set of genetic instructions "written" in DNA.
The researchers found in studies of mammalian stem cells that the protein SIRT1 controls the packaging of DNA into chromatin, thereby setting the youthful pattern of gene activity by keeping select genes switched off. In response to DNA damage, those SIRT1 proteins leave their posts to go off and assist in the necessary repairs. That change in SIRT1's job description leads to shifts in gene activity that parallel those seen in the aging mouse brain, they show. They suspect similar changes would also be found in other body tissues as well."
The hypoglycemic effect of fat and protein is not attenuated by insulin resistance -- Lan-Pidhainy and Wolever 91 (1): 98 -- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
The hypoglycemic effect of fat and protein is not attenuated by insulin resistance.
Lan-Pidhainy X, Wolever TM.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Nov 18. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19923374
doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28125
Conclusions: The hypoglycemic effect of fat and protein was not blunted by insulin resistance. Protein increased insulin but had no effect on C-peptide or the insulin secretion rate, which suggests decreased hepatic insulin extraction or increased C-peptide clearance.
Cardiovascular disease risk of dietary stearic acid compared with trans, other saturated, and unsaturated fatty acids: a systematic review -- Hunter et al. 91 (1): 46 -- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Cardiovascular disease risk of dietary stearic acid compared with trans, other saturated, and unsaturated fatty acids: a systematic review1,3.
Hunter JE, Zhang J, Kris-Etherton PM.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Nov 25. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19939984
doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.27661
Conclusions: TFA intake should be reduced as much as possible because of its adverse effects on lipids and lipoproteins. The replacement of TFA with STA compared with other saturated fatty acids in foods that require solid fats beneficially affects LDL cholesterol, the primary target for CVD risk reduction; unsaturated fats are preferred for liquid fat applications. Research is needed to evaluate the effects of STA on emerging CVD risk markers such as fibrinogen and to understand the responses in different populations.
Acute Ingestion of Long-Chain (n-3) Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Decreases Fibrinolysis in Men with Metabolic Syndrome -- Montegaard et al. 140 (1): 38 -- Journal of Nutrition
Acute Ingestion of Long-Chain (n-3) Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Decreases Fibrinolysis in Men with Metabolic Syndrome.
Montegaard C, Tulk HM, Lauritzen L, Tholstrup T, Robinson LE.
J Nutr. 2009 Nov 4. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19889809
doi:10.3945/jn.109.111427
Individuals with metabolic syndrome (MetS) often have elevated plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), contributing to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. PAI-1 and t-PA may be affected by chronic (n-3) long-chain PUFA [(n-3)LCPUFA] supplementation; however, the acute impact of fat ingestion on these risk factors has not been established. Our objective was to investigate the acute effect of (n-3)LCPUFA on plasma PAI-1, t-PA, and platelet aggregation. We conducted a randomized crossover study in which men (n = 8, ≥45 y) with MetS consumed water or a high-saturated fat beverage (1 g fat/kg body weight) with either a high or low content of (n-3)LCPUFA. Blood samples were collected over 8 h to measure triacylglycerol (TAG), PAI-1, t-PA, and platelet aggregation. Both fat loads resulted in a significant increase in whole blood TAG concentration, plasma PAI-1 and t-PA concentrations, and PAI-1 activity, as well as a significant decrease in t-PA activity during the postprandial period. Interestingly, PAI-1 concentration and activity increased more following the high (n-3)LCPUFA compared with the low (n-3)LCPUFA beverage (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the high (n-3)LCPUFA beverage resulted in a lower t-PA activity (P < 0.05), whereas the effects of the 2 fat loads on the plasma t-PA concentration and platelet aggregation did not differ. Overall, acute intake of a high (n-3)LCPUFA beverage shifted the balance between plasma PAI-1 and t-PA, which might indicate a lower capacity for fibrinolysis
25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 is an agonistic vitamin D receptor ligand - ScienceDirect - The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
25-Hydroxyvitamin D(3) is an agonistic vitamin D receptor ligand.
Lou YR, Molnár F, Peräkylä M, Qiao S, Kalueff AV, St-Arnaud R, Carlberg C, Tuohimaa P.
J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2009 Nov 26. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19944755
doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.11.011
In conclusion, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 is an agonistic vitamin D receptor ligand with gene regulatory and anti-proliferative properties.
The role of Vitamin D3 metabolism in prostate cancer - ScienceDirect - The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
The role of Vitamin D3 metabolism in prostate cancer.
Lou YR, Qiao S, Talonpoika R, Syvälä H, Tuohimaa P.
J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2004 Nov;92(4):317-25. Epub 2004 Dec 19. Review.
PMID: 15663995
doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2004.10.007
In summary, the local metabolism of hormonal Vitamin D seems to play an important role in the development and progression of prostate cancer.
Fish Oil-Derived Fatty Acids, Docosahexaenoic Acid and Docosapentaenoic Acid, and the Risk of Acute Coronary Events : The Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study -- Rissanen et al. 102 (22): 2677 -- Circulation
Fish oil-derived fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid and docosapentaenoic acid, and the risk of acute coronary events: the Kuopio ischaemic heart disease risk factor study.
Rissanen T, Voutilainen S, Nyyssönen K, Lakka TA, Salonen JT.
Circulation. 2000 Nov 28;102(22):2677-9.
PMID: 11094031
Methods and Results—We studied this association in the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study, a prospective population study in Eastern Finland. Subjects were randomly selected and included 1871 men aged 42 to 60 years who had no clinical coronary heart disease at baseline examination. A total of 194 men had a fatal or nonfatal acute coronary event during follow-up. In a Cox proportional hazards’ model adjusting for other risk factors, men in the highest fifth of the proportion of serum DHA+DPA in all fatty acids had a 44% reduced risk (P=0.014) of acute coronary events compared with men in the lowest fifth. Men in the highest fifth of DHA+DPA who had a low hair content of mercury (<=2.0 µg/g) had a 67% reduced risk (P=0.016) of acute coronary events compared with men in the lowest fifth who had a high hair content of mercury (>2.0 µg/g). There was no association between proportion of eicosapentaenoic acid and the risk of acute coronary events.
Conclusions—Our data provide further confirmation for the concept that fish oil–derived fatty acids reduce the risk of acute coronary events. However, a high mercury content in fish could attenuate this protective effect.
Quantitative Analysis of the Benefits and Risks of Consuming Farmed and Wild Salmon -- Foran et al. 135 (11): 2639 -- Journal of Nutrition
Quantitative analysis of the benefits and risks of consuming farmed and wild salmon.
Foran JA, Good DH, Carpenter DO, Hamilton MC, Knuth BA, Schwager SJ.
J Nutr. 2005 Nov;135(11):2639-43.
PMID: 16251623
Contaminants in farmed Atlantic and wild Pacific salmon raise important questions about the competing health benefits and risks of fish consumption. A benefit-risk analysis was conducted to compare quantitatively the cancer and noncancer risks of exposure to organic contaminants in salmon with the (n-3) fatty acid-associated health benefits of salmon consumption. Recommended levels of (n-3) fatty acid intake, as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), may be achieved by consuming farmed or wild salmon while maintaining an acceptable level of noncarcinogenic risk. However, the recommended level of EPA+DHA intake cannot be achieved solely from farmed or wild salmon while maintaining an acceptable level of carcinogenic risk. Although the benefit-risk ratio for carcinogens and noncarcinogens is significantly greater for wild Pacific salmon than for farmed Atlantic salmon as a group, the ratio for some subgroups of farmed salmon is on par with the ratio for wild salmon. This analysis suggests that risk of exposure to contaminants in farmed and wild salmon is partially offset by the fatty acid-associated health benefits. However, young children, women of child-bearing age, pregnant women, and nursing mothers not at significant risk for sudden cardiac death associated with CHD but concerned with health impairments such as reduction in IQ and other cognitive and behavioral effects, can minimize contaminant exposure by choosing the least contaminated wild salmon or by selecting other sources of (n-3) fatty acids.
NEJM -- Mercury, Fish Oils, and the Risk of Myocardial Infarction
Mercury, fish oils, and the risk of myocardial infarction.
Guallar E, Sanz-Gallardo MI, van't Veer P, Bode P, Aro A, Gómez-Aracena J, Kark JD, Riemersma RA, Martín-Moreno JM, Kok FJ; Heavy Metals and Myocardial Infarction Study Group.
N Engl J Med. 2002 Nov 28;347(22):1747-54.
PMID: 12456850
Conclusions The toenail mercury level was directly associated with the risk of myocardial infarction, and the adipose-tissue DHA level was inversely associated with the risk. High mercury content may diminish the cardioprotective effect of fish intake.
NEJM -- Mercury and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Men
Mercury and the risk of coronary heart disease in men.
Yoshizawa K, Rimm EB, Morris JS, Spate VL, Hsieh CC, Spiegelman D, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC.
N Engl J Med. 2002 Nov 28;347(22):1755-60.
PMID: 12456851
Conclusions Our findings do not support an association between total mercury exposure and the risk of coronary heart disease, but a weak relation cannot be ruled out.
Antioxidant Supplementation in Atherosclerosis Prevention (ASAP) study: a randomized trial of the effect of vitamins E and C on 3-year progression of carotid atherosclerosis - J Intern Med. 2000 Nov - Wiley InterScience :: Article :: HTML Full Text
Antioxidant Supplementation in Atherosclerosis Prevention (ASAP) study: a randomized trial of the effect of vitamins E and C on 3-year progression of carotid atherosclerosis.
Salonen JT, Nyyssönen K, Salonen R, Lakka HM, Kaikkonen J, Porkkala-Sarataho E, Voutilainen S, Lakka TA, Rissanen T, Leskinen L, Tuomainen TP, Valkonen VP, Ristonmaa U, Poulsen HE.
J Intern Med. 2000 Nov;248(5):377-86.
PMID: 11123502
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2796.2000.00752.x
Conclusions. Our study shows that a combined supplementation with reasonable doses of both vitamin E and slow-release vitamin C can retard the progression of common carotid atherosclerosis in men. This may imply benefits with regard to other atherosclerosis-based events.
Dark Chocolate Consumption Increases HDL Cholesterol Concentration and Chocolate Fatty Acids May Inhibit Lipid Peroxidation in Healthy Humans - ScienceDirect - Free Radical Biology and Medicine
Dark chocolate consumption increases HDL cholesterol concentration and chocolate fatty acids may inhibit lipid peroxidation in healthy humans.
Mursu J, Voutilainen S, Nurmi T, Rissanen TH, Virtanen JK, Kaikkonen J, Nyyssönen K, Salonen JT.
Free Radic Biol Med. 2004 Nov 1;37(9):1351-9.
PMID: 15454274
doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.06.002
Cocoa polyphenols may increase the concentration of HDL cholesterol, whereas chocolate fatty acids may modify the fatty acid composition of LDL and make it more resistant to oxidative damage.
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