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Consuming fructose-sweetened, not glucose-sweetened, beverages increases visceral adiposity and lipids and decreases insulin sensitivity in overweight/obese humans
Consuming fructose-sweetened, not glucose-sweetened, beverages increases visceral adiposity and lipids and decreases insulin sensitivity in overweight/obese humans.
Stanhope KL, Schwarz JM, Keim NL, Griffen SC, Bremer AA, Graham JL, Hatcher B, Cox CL, Dyachenko A, Zhang W, McGahan JP, Seibert A, Krauss RM, Chiu S, Schaefer EJ, Ai M, Otokozawa S, Nakajima K, Nakano T, Beysen C, Hellerstein MK, Berglund L, Havel PJ.
J Clin Invest. 2009 May;119(5):1322-34. Epub 2009 Apr 20.
PMID: 19381015
doi: 10.1172/JCI37385.
Studies in animals have documented that, compared with glucose, dietary fructose induces dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. To assess the relative effects of these dietary sugars during sustained consumption in humans, overweight and obese subjects consumed glucose- or fructose-sweetened beverages providing 25% of energy requirements for 10 weeks. Although both groups exhibited similar weight gain during the intervention, visceral adipose volume was significantly increased only in subjects consuming fructose. Fasting plasma triglyceride concentrations increased by approximately 10% during 10 weeks of glucose consumption but not after fructose consumption. In contrast, hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL) and the 23-hour postprandial triglyceride AUC were increased specifically during fructose consumption. Similarly, markers of altered lipid metabolism and lipoprotein remodeling, including fasting apoB, LDL, small dense LDL, oxidized LDL, and postprandial concentrations of remnant-like particle–triglyceride and –cholesterol significantly increased during fructose but not glucose consumption. In addition, fasting plasma glucose and insulin levels increased and insulin sensitivity decreased in subjects consuming fructose but not in those consuming glucose. These data suggest that dietary fructose specifically increases DNL, promotes dyslipidemia, decreases insulin sensitivity, and increases visceral adiposity in overweight/obese adults.
NEJM -- Genetic Variants Associated with Lp(a) Lipoprotein Level and Coronary Disease
Genetic variants associated with Lp(a) lipoprotein level and coronary disease.
Clarke R, Peden JF, Hopewell JC, Kyriakou T, Goel A, Heath SC, Parish S, Barlera S, Franzosi MG, Rust S, Bennett D, Silveira A, Malarstig A, Green FR, Lathrop M, Gigante B, Leander K, de Faire U, Seedorf U, Hamsten A, Collins R, Watkins H, Farrall M; PROCARDIS Consortium.
N Engl J Med. 2009 Dec 24;361(26):2518-28.
PMID: 20032323
Conclusions We identified two LPA variants that were strongly associated with both an increased level of Lp(a) lipoprotein and an increased risk of coronary disease. Our findings provide support for a causal role of Lp(a) lipoprotein in coronary disease.
Calcium:Magnesium Ratio in Local Groundwater and Incidence of Acute Myocardial Infarction among Males in Rural Finland
Calcium:magnesium ratio in local groundwater and incidence of acute myocardial infarction among males in rural Finland.
Kousa A, Havulinna AS, Moltchanova E, Taskinen O, Nikkarinen M, Eriksson J, Karvonen M.
Environ Health Perspect. 2006 May;114(5):730-4.
doi:10.1289/ehp.8438
PMID: 16675428
Results of this study with specific Bayesian statistical analysis support earlier findings of a protective role of Mg and low Ca:Mg ratio against coronary heart disease but do not support the earlier hypothesis of a protective role of Ca
Overview and perspective in human nutrition. Willett WC. - Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008;
Overview and perspective in human nutrition.
Willett WC.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008;17 Suppl 1:1-4. Review.
PMID: 18296289
For the last decade, the focus of nutritional advice for prevention of chronic disease has been to limit or reduce
total fat intake and to consume large amounts of carbohydrate. However, this advice is inconsistent with many
lines of evidence indicating that unsaturated fats have beneficial metabolic effects and reduce risk of coronary
heart disease. More recent evidence has also shown that the large majority of carbohydrates in Western diets,
consisting of refined starches and sugars, have adverse metabolic effects and increase risks of coronary heart
disease and type 2 diabetes. Unfortunately, a major opportunity for health improvement has been lost by failing
to distinguish healthy from unhealthy forms of carbohydrates and fats. Recent analyses indicate that moderate
changes in diet, together with regular physical activity and not smoking, can prevent the large majority of heart
disease, type 2 diabetes, and some forms of cancer. These findings have substantial relevance for many populations
in Asia, where incidence of type 2 diabetes is rising rapidly.
Retinol-induced Intestinal Tumorigenesis in Min/+ Mice and Importance of Vitamin D Status. - [Anticancer Res. 2009] - PubMed result
"Retinol-induced Intestinal Tumorigenesis in Min/+ Mice and Importance of Vitamin D Status.
Hetland RB, Alexander J, Berg JP, Svendsen C, Paulsen JE.
Anticancer Res. 2009 Nov;29(11):4353-60.
PMID: 20032378
The effects of life-long dietary exposure, starting in utero, to high retinol, low vitamin D, or high retinol in combination with low vitamin D on intestinal tumorigenesis in Min/+ mice were investigated. In males, high retinol alone significantly increased the number (2.6-fold) and size (1.3-fold) of small intestinal tumours; in females no significant increase in tumour number or size was seen. In both genders, low vitamin D intake alone did not affect intestinal tumorigenesis. In males, intake of the combined high retinol/low vitamin D diet did not further increase the effects caused by high retinol alone. In females, however, the high retinol/low vitamin D-induced increase in tumour number (3.1-fold) and tumour size (1.5-fold) exceeded that of high retinol alone. In conclusion, a high dietary intake of retinol stimulated intestinal tumorigenesis in Min/+ mice. Furthermore, the results indicate a combined effect of high retinol and low vitamin D on tumorigenesis in females"
Anticancer Properties of Ganoderma Lucidum Methanol Extracts In Vitro and In Vivo - Nutrition and Cancer
Anticancer properties of Ganoderma lucidum methanol extracts in vitro and in vivo.
Harhaji Trajković LM, Mijatović SA, Maksimović-Ivanić DD, Stojanović ID, Momcilović MB, Tufegdzić SJ, Maksimović VM, Marjanović ZS, Stosić-Grujicić SD.
Nutr Cancer. 2009;61(5):696-707.
PMID: 19838944
DOI: 10.1080/01635580902898743
Anticancer activities of various extracts of the medicinal mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum, have been widely demonstrated and are mainly associated with the presence of different bioactive polysaccharides and triterpenoids. We have evaluated and compared in vitro and in vivo the antitumor effects of two preparations from Ganoderma lucidum: a methanol extract containing total terpenoids (GLme) and a purified methanol extract containing mainly acidic terpenoids (GLpme). Both extracts inhibited tumor growth of B16 mouse melanoma cells inoculated subcutaneously into syngeneic C57BL/6 mice and reduced viability of B16 cells in vitro, whereby GLme exhibited stronger effect. Furthermore, anticancer activity of GLme was demonstrated for the first time against two other rodent tumor cell lines, L929-mouse fibrosarcoma and C6-rat astrocytoma. The mechanism of antitumor activity of GLme comprised inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death mediated by upregulated p53 and inhibited Bcl-2 expression. Moreover, the antitumor effect of the GLme was associated with intensified production of reactive oxygen species, whereas their neutralization by the antioxidant, N-acetyl cysteine, resulted in partial recovery of cell viability. Thus, our results suggest that GLme might be a good candidate for treatment of diverse forms of cancers.
Glucose restriction can extend normal cell lifespan and impair precancerous cell growth through epigenetic control of hTERT and p16 expression -- Li et al., 10.1096/fj.09-149328 -- The FASEB Journal
Glucose restriction can extend normal cell lifespan and impair precancerous cell growth through epigenetic control of hTERT and p16 expression.
Li Y, Liu L, Tollefsbol TO.
FASEB J. 2009 Dec 17. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 20019239
doi: 10.1096/fj.09-149328
Cancer cells metabolize glucose at elevated rates and have a higher sensitivity to glucose reduction. However, the precise molecular mechanisms leading to different responses to glucose restriction between normal and cancer cells are not fully understood. We analyzed normal WI-38 and immortalized WI-38/S fetal lung fibroblasts and found that glucose restriction resulted in growth inhibition and apoptosis in WI-38/S cells, whereas it induced lifespan extension in WI-38 cells. Moreover, in WI-38/S cells glucose restriction decreased expression of hTERT (human telomerase reverse transcriptase) and increased expression of p16(INK4a). Opposite effects were found in the gene expression of hTERT and p16 in WI-38 cells in response to glucose restriction. The altered gene expression was partly due to glucose restriction-induced DNA methylation changes and chromatin remodeling of the hTERT and p16 promoters in normal and immortalized WI-38 cells. Furthermore, glucose restriction resulted in altered hTERT and p16 expression in response to epigenetic regulators in WI-38 rather than WI-38/S cells, suggesting that energy stress-induced differential epigenetic regulation may lead to different cellular fates in normal and precancerous cells. Collectively, these results provide new insights into the epigenetic mechanisms of a nutrient control strategy that may contribute to cancer therapy as well as antiaging approaches.
Coffee, Decaffeinated Coffee, and Tea Consumption in Relation to Incident Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis, Dec 14/28, 2009, Huxley et al. 169 (22): 2053 - Arch Intern Med -- Abstract:
Coffee, decaffeinated coffee, and tea consumption in relation to incident type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review with meta-analysis.
Huxley R, Lee CM, Barzi F, Timmermeister L, Czernichow S, Perkovic V, Grobbee DE, Batty D, Woodward M.
Arch Intern Med. 2009 Dec 14;169(22):2053-63.
PMID: 20008687
Conclusions Owing to the presence of small-study bias, our results may represent an overestimate of the true magnitude of the association. Similar significant and inverse associations were observed with decaffeinated coffee and tea and risk of incident diabetes. High intakes of coffee, decaffeinated coffee, and tea are associated with reduced risk of diabetes. The putative protective effects of these beverages warrant further investigation in randomized trials.
C-reactive protein concentration and risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and mortality: an individual participant meta-analysis : The Lancet
C-reactive protein concentration and risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and mortality: an individual participant meta-analysis.
The Lancet, Early Online Publication, 22 December 2009
doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61717-7
Interpretation
CRP concentration has continuous associations with the risk of coronary heart disease, ischaemic stroke, vascular mortality, and death from several cancers and lung disease that are each of broadly similar size. The relevance of CRP to such a range of disorders is unclear. Associations with ischaemic vascular disease depend considerably on conventional risk factors and other markers of inflammation.
The Bioavailability of Vitamin D from Fortified Cheeses and Supplements Is Equivalent in Adults -- Wagner et al. 138 (7): 1365 -- Journal of Nutrition
The bioavailability of vitamin D from fortified cheeses and supplements is equivalent in adults.
Wagner D, Sidhom G, Whiting SJ, Rousseau D, Vieth R.
J Nutr. 2008 Jul;138(7):1365-71.
PMID: 18567762
Compared with baseline, serum parathyroid hormone decreased with both fortification (P = 0.003) and supplementation (P = 0.012). These data demonstrate that vitamin D is equally bioavailable from fortified hard cheeses and supplements, making cheese suitable for vitamin D fortification
Bread Fortified with Cholecalciferol Increases the Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentration in Women as Effectively as a Cholecalciferol Supplement -- Natri et al. 136 (1): 123 -- Journal of Nutrition
Bread fortified with cholecalciferol increases the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration in women as effectively as a cholecalciferol supplement.
Natri AM, Salo P, Vikstedt T, Palssa A, Huttunen M, Kärkkäinen MU, Salovaara H, Piironen V, Jakobsen J, Lamberg-Allardt CJ.
J Nutr. 2006 Jan;136(1):123-7.
PMID: 16365070
Both fortified breads increased serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration as effectively as the cholecalciferol supplement. Supplementation or fortification did not affect serum intact parathyroid hormone concentration or urinary calcium excretion. In conclusion, fortified bread is a safe and feasible way to improve vitamin D nutrition.
A randomised comparison of increase in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration after 4 weeks of daily oral intake of 10 μg cholecalciferol from multivitamin tablets or fish oil capsules in healthy young adults
A randomised comparison of increase in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration after 4 weeks of daily oral intake of 10 microg cholecalciferol from multivitamin tablets or fish oil capsules in healthy young adults.
Holvik K, Madar AA, Meyer HE, Lofthus CM, Stene LC.
Br J Nutr. 2007 Sep;98(3):620-5. Epub 2007 Apr 24.
PMID: 17456248
We conclude that fish oil capsules and multivitamin tablets containing 10 microg cholecalciferol administered over a 4-week period produced a similar mean increase in s-25(OH)D concentration.
Vitamin D and calcium insufficiency-related chronic diseases: molecular and cellular pathophysiology - European Journal of Clinical Nutrition - Abstract of article
Vitamin D and calcium insufficiency-related chronic diseases: molecular and cellular pathophysiology.
Peterlik M, Cross HS.
Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009 Dec;63(12):1377-86. Epub 2009 Sep 2.
PMID: 19724293
doi:10.1038/ejcn.2009.105
A compromised vitamin D status, characterized by low 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-(OH)D) serum levels, and a nutritional calcium deficit are widely encountered in European and North American countries, independent of age or gender. Both conditions are linked to the pathogenesis of many degenerative, malignant, inflammatory and metabolic diseases. Studies on tissue-specific expression and activity of vitamin D metabolizing enzymes, 25-(OH)D-1alpha-hydroxylase and 25-(OH)D-24-hydroxylase, and of the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) have led to the understanding of how, in non-renal tissues and cellular systems, locally produced 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3) and extracellular Ca2+ act jointly as key regulators of cellular proliferation, differentiation and function. Impairment of cooperative signalling from the 1,25-(OH)2D3-activated vitamin D receptor (VDR) and from the CaR in vitamin D and calcium insufficiency causes cellular dysfunction in many organs and biological systems, and, therefore, increases the risk of diseases, particularly of osteoporosis, colorectal and breast cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus type I, metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus type II, hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Understanding the underlying molecular and cellular processes provides a rationale for advocating adequate intake of vitamin D and calcium in all populations, thereby preventing many chronic diseases worldwide.
NEJM -- Extended-Release Niacin or Ezetimibe and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness
Extended-release niacin or ezetimibe and carotid intima-media thickness.
Taylor AJ, Villines TC, Stanek EJ, Devine PJ, Griffen L, Miller M, Weissman NJ, Turco M.
N Engl J Med. 2009 Nov 26;361(22):2113-22. Epub 2009 Nov 15.
PMID: 19915217
Conclusions This comparative-effectiveness trial shows that the use of extended-release niacin causes a significant regression of carotid intima–media thickness when combined with a statin and that niacin is superior to ezetimibe. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00397657 [ClinicalTrials.gov] .
Are omega-3 fatty acids options for prevention and treatment of cognitive decline and dementia? - [Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2009] - PubMed result
Are omega-3 fatty acids options for prevention and treatment of cognitive decline and dementia?
Cederholm T, Palmblad J.
Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2009 Dec 16. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 20019606
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To report recent data on the potential role of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA) found in oily fish, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), to prevent and treat cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease. RECENT FINDINGS: Observational studies still provide conflicting results, in which the majority indicate beneficial effects on cognition, both when assessed as a continuous variable or as incident dementia, mainly Alzheimer's disease. Experimental studies have demonstrated potentially ameliorating effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and DHA on amyloid fragment formation, signal transduction including upregulation of the apolipoprotein receptor SorLA, as well as on angiogenesis. The role of EPA and DHA metabolites on Alzheimer's disease pathology is under investigation. Recently, three randomized intervention studies, with duration up to 6 months have been reported. In contrast to a small study from Taiwan, no positive overall effects were reported from the Swedish OmegAD Study or from a Dutch study, although post hoc analyses indicate that selected individuals with mild forms of Alzheimer's disease or cognitive decline may respond to treatment. SUMMARY: No firm conclusions can be drawn. Based on epidemiological data, fish including oily fish could be advised as part of a balanced diet for public health purpose, although the evidence for better cognition is only fairly consistent. It is unlikely that n-3 FA will emerge as a treatment option in general for improving cognitive function in patients with Alzheimer's disease. n-3 FA, especially DHA, may turn out as an adjuvant therapy in selected cases. Further long-term intervention studies on individuals with mild cognitive reductions are awaite"
The hypoglycemic effect of fat and protein is not attenuated by insulin resistance -- Lan-Pidhainy and Wolever 91 (1): 98 -- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
The hypoglycemic effect of fat and protein is not attenuated by insulin resistance.
Lan-Pidhainy X, Wolever TM.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Nov 18. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19923374
doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28125
Conclusions: The hypoglycemic effect of fat and protein was not blunted by insulin resistance. Protein increased insulin but had no effect on C-peptide or the insulin secretion rate, which suggests decreased hepatic insulin extraction or increased C-peptide clearance.
Cardiovascular disease risk of dietary stearic acid compared with trans, other saturated, and unsaturated fatty acids: a systematic review -- Hunter et al. 91 (1): 46 -- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Cardiovascular disease risk of dietary stearic acid compared with trans, other saturated, and unsaturated fatty acids: a systematic review1,3.
Hunter JE, Zhang J, Kris-Etherton PM.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Nov 25. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19939984
doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.27661
Conclusions: TFA intake should be reduced as much as possible because of its adverse effects on lipids and lipoproteins. The replacement of TFA with STA compared with other saturated fatty acids in foods that require solid fats beneficially affects LDL cholesterol, the primary target for CVD risk reduction; unsaturated fats are preferred for liquid fat applications. Research is needed to evaluate the effects of STA on emerging CVD risk markers such as fibrinogen and to understand the responses in different populations.
Acute Ingestion of Long-Chain (n-3) Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Decreases Fibrinolysis in Men with Metabolic Syndrome -- Montegaard et al. 140 (1): 38 -- Journal of Nutrition
Acute Ingestion of Long-Chain (n-3) Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Decreases Fibrinolysis in Men with Metabolic Syndrome.
Montegaard C, Tulk HM, Lauritzen L, Tholstrup T, Robinson LE.
J Nutr. 2009 Nov 4. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19889809
doi:10.3945/jn.109.111427
Individuals with metabolic syndrome (MetS) often have elevated plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), contributing to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. PAI-1 and t-PA may be affected by chronic (n-3) long-chain PUFA [(n-3)LCPUFA] supplementation; however, the acute impact of fat ingestion on these risk factors has not been established. Our objective was to investigate the acute effect of (n-3)LCPUFA on plasma PAI-1, t-PA, and platelet aggregation. We conducted a randomized crossover study in which men (n = 8, ≥45 y) with MetS consumed water or a high-saturated fat beverage (1 g fat/kg body weight) with either a high or low content of (n-3)LCPUFA. Blood samples were collected over 8 h to measure triacylglycerol (TAG), PAI-1, t-PA, and platelet aggregation. Both fat loads resulted in a significant increase in whole blood TAG concentration, plasma PAI-1 and t-PA concentrations, and PAI-1 activity, as well as a significant decrease in t-PA activity during the postprandial period. Interestingly, PAI-1 concentration and activity increased more following the high (n-3)LCPUFA compared with the low (n-3)LCPUFA beverage (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the high (n-3)LCPUFA beverage resulted in a lower t-PA activity (P < 0.05), whereas the effects of the 2 fat loads on the plasma t-PA concentration and platelet aggregation did not differ. Overall, acute intake of a high (n-3)LCPUFA beverage shifted the balance between plasma PAI-1 and t-PA, which might indicate a lower capacity for fibrinolysis
Arch Ophthalmol -- Cigarette Smoking, Fish Consumption, Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intake, and Associations With Age-Related Macular Degeneration: The US Twin Study of Age-Related Macular Degeneration, July 2006, Seddon et al. 124 (7): 995
Cigarette smoking, fish consumption, omega-3 fatty acid intake, and associations with age-related macular degeneration: the US Twin Study of Age-Related Macular Degeneration.
Seddon JM, George S, Rosner B.
Arch Ophthalmol. 2006 Jul;124(7):995-1001.
PMID: 16832023
Conclusions This study of twins provides further evidence that cigarette smoking increases risk while fish consumption and omega-3 fatty acid intake reduce risk of AMD
Estimation and Fortification of Vitamin D3 in Pasteurized Process Cheese -- Upreti et al. 85 (12): 3173 -- Journal of Dairy Science
Estimation and fortification of vitamin D3 in pasteurized process cheese.
Upreti P, Mistry VV, Warthesen JJ.
J Dairy Sci. 2002 Dec;85(12):3173-81.
PMID: 12512590
The objective of this study was to develop methods for the estimation and fortification of vitamin D3 in pasteurized Process cheese. Vitamin D3 was estimated using alkaline saponification at 70°C for 30 min, followed by extraction with petroleum ether:diethyl ether (90:10 vol/vol) and HPLC. The retention time for vitamin D3 was approximately 9 min. A standard curve with a correlation coefficient of 0.972 was prepared for quantification of vitamin D3 in unknown samples. In the second phase of the study, pasteurized Process cheeses fortified with commercial water- or fat-dispersible forms of vitamin D3 at a level of 100 IU per serving (28 g) were manufactured. There was no loss of vitamin D3 during Process cheese manufacture, and the vitamin was uniformly distributed. No losses of the vitamin occurred during storage of the fortified cheeses over a 9-mo period at 21 to 29°C and 4 to 6°C. There was an approximately 25 to 30% loss of the vitamin when cheeses were heated for 5 min in an oven maintained at 232°C. Added vitamin D3 did not impart any off flavors to the Process cheeses as determined by sensory analysis. There were no differences between the water- and fat-dispersible forms of the vitamin in the parameters measured in fortified cheeses
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