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Life expectancy is the expected (in the statistical sense) number of years of life remaining at a given age.[1] It is denoted by ex, which means the average number of subsequent years of life for someone now aged x, according to a particular mortality experience. (In technical literature, this symbol means the average number of complete years of life remaining, ie excluding fractions of a year. The corresponding statistic including fractions of a year, ie the normal meaning of life expectancy, has a symbol with a small circle over the e.)

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Kliini on biologiassa lajin sisäistä maantieteellistä erilaistumista kuvaava käsite, joka tarkoittaa vähittäistä (liukuvaa) muutosta eri alueilla vallitsevien fenotyyppien välillä. Erityisesti eri alueilla esiintyvien alalajien välillä voi olla vaihettumisvyöhyke, kliini, jossa populaation koostumus vähittäin muuttuu. Populaatiogenetiikassa kliinillä viitataan useimmiten yhden tietyn geenin taajuudessa esiintyvään maantieteelliseen muutokseen.

Kliini voi heijastaa luonnonvalinnan vaikutusta tai se voi johtua maantieteellistä eristyneisyyttä seuranneesta populaatioiden uudelleen kohtaamisesta.

Kliinin käsitteen otti käyttöön Sir Julian Huxley.

Ihmisrotujaottelua koskevassa keskustelussa kliiniteoria on esitetty vaihtoehtona kategoriselle rotuluokittelulle.

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D-vitamiini on yksi ihmisen tarvitsemista rasvaliukoisista vitamiineista. D-vitamiinin muotoja ovat kolekalsiferoli (D3) ja ergokalsiferoli (D2). Ihminen pystyy itsekin tuottamaan D-vitamiinia riittävässä auringonvalossa UVB-säteilyn vaikutuksesta.

D-vitamiini on steroidihormoni, jonka esimuotoa muodostuu ihossa tai saadaan ruoasta. D-vitamiinin vaikutukset välittyvät vitamiinireseptorin (VDR) kautta. Reseptoreita on kaikissa soluissa keskushermosto mukaan lukien. Useat kliiniset ja kokeelliset tulokset osoittavat D-vitamiinin vaikuttavan aivojen toimintaan.
D-vitamiini voi vähentää riskiä sairastua tyypin 2 diabetekseen[6]. Kansanterveyslaitoksen tutkijat seurasivat 17 vuotta noin 4000 suomalaisen naisen ja miehen terveydentilaa. Niillä henkilöillä, joiden veressä oli eniten D-vitamiinia, oli 40 % pienempi sairastumisriski verrattuna niihin, joiden veressä vitamiinia oli vähiten.

Maailman terveysjärjestön (WHO:n) syöväntutkimuslaitos IARC Lyonissa analysoi 18 suurta D-vitamiinitutkimusta, joihin oli osallistunut 57 311 ihmistä[7]. Heidän terveydentilaansa oli seurattu lähes kuusi vuotta. Sinä aikana 4 777 heistä kuoli. D-vitamiinia ravintolisänä käyttäneiden kuolleisuus oli kahdeksan prosenttia pienempi kuin muiden. D-vitamiinilisän päiväannos vaihteli 7,5:stä 50 µg:aan; keskimäärin se oli 14 µg. D-vitamiinilisää käyttävien ihmisten veressä oli 1,5–5,2 kertaa enemmän tätä vitamiinia kuin muilla[8].

Lontoon King’s Collegessa tehdyn tutkimuksen mukaan D-vitamiini lisää keuhkoissa tulehdusta vaimentavan tulehdussytokiinin, interleukiini 10:n (IL10:n) tuotantoa. Silloin astman oireet vähenevät, jopa sellaisilla potilailla, joihin kortisoni (deksametasoni) ei ole tehonnut[

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The calcitriol receptor, also known as the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and also known as NR1I1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 1), is a member of the nuclear receptor family of transcription factors.[1] Upon activation by vitamin D, the VDR forms a heterodimer with the retinoid-X receptor and binds to hormone response elements on DNA resulting in expression or transrepression of specific geneproducts. In humans, the vitamin D receptor is encoded by the VDR gene.[2]

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Jack Handey (born 25 February 1949) is an American humorist. He is best known for his Deep Thoughts, a large body of surrealistic one-liner jokes, as well as his "Fuzzy Memories" and "My Big Thick Novel" shorts. Although many people assume otherwise,[1][2] Handey is a real person, not a pen name or a character.

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Pattern recognition is "the act of taking in raw data and taking an action based on the category of the data".[citation needed] Most research in pattern recognition is about methods for supervised learning and unsupervised learning.

Pattern recognition aims to classify data (patterns) based either on a priori knowledge or on statistical information extracted from the patterns. The patterns to be classified are usually groups of measurements or observations, defining points in an appropriate multidimensional space. This is in contrast to pattern matching, where the pattern is rigidly specified.

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In computer science, pattern matching is the act of checking for the presence of the constituents of a given pattern. In contrast to pattern recognition, the pattern is rigidly specified. Such a pattern concerns conventionally either sequences or tree structures. Pattern matching is used to test whether things have a desired structure, to find relevant structure, to retrieve the aligning parts, and to substitute the matching part with something else.

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In the natural sciences, abiogenesis, or "chemical evolution", is the study of how life on Earth could have arisen from inanimate matter. It should not be confused with evolution, which is the study of how groups of living things change over time. Amino acids, often called "the building blocks of life", can form via natural chemical reactions unrelated to life, as demonstrated in the Miller-Urey experiment, which involved simulating the conditions of the early Earth. In all living things, these amino acids are organized into proteins, and the construction of these proteins is mediated by nucleic acids. Thus the question of how life on Earth originated is a question of how the first nucleic acids arose.

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The Bible is the central religious text of Judaism and Christianity.[1]

Modern Judaism generally recognizes a single set of canonical books known as the Tanakh, or Hebrew or Jewish Bible.[2] It comprises three parts: the Torah ("Teaching", also known as the Pentateuch or "Five Books of Moses"), the Prophets, and the Writings. It was primarily written in Hebrew with some small portions in Aramaic.[3]

Most of Protestant Christianity uses the books of the Tanakh, in a different order, as the Old Testament. Other Christian groups, such and the Catholics and Orthodox, include additional books in their Old Testament, called the Deuterocanonical Books, or the Apocrypha. The Christian Bible includes both the Old Testament and a collection of newer canonical books known as the New Testament.

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The Flying Spaghetti Monster (or FSM) is the deity of the parody religion[1][2] the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster or Pastafarianism.[3] It was created in 2005 by Bobby Henderson as a satirical protest to the decision by the Kansas State Board of Education to require the teaching of intelligent design as an alternative to biological evolution in public schools. Since the intelligent design movement used ambiguous references to an unspecified "Intelligent Designer" to avoid court rulings prohibiting the teaching of creationism as a science, this presumably left open the possibility that any imaginable thing could fill that role.

In an open letter sent to the education board, Henderson parodies the concept of intelligent design by professing belief in a supernatural creator, which closely resembles spaghetti and meatballs.[4] He furthermore calls for the "Pastafarian" (a play on Rastafarian) theory of creation to be taught in science classrooms.

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Stevia is a genus of about 240 species of herbs and shrubs in the sunflower family (Asteraceae), native to subtropical and tropical South America and Central America. The species Stevia rebaudiana, commonly known as sweetleaf, sweet leaf, sugarleaf, or simply stevia, is widely grown for its sweet leaves. As a sweetener and sugar substitute, stevia's taste has a slower onset and longer duration than that of sugar, although some of its extracts may have a bitter or licorice-like aftertaste at high concentrations.

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Tiede tarkoittaa todellisuuden ilmiöiden ja niiden välisten suhteiden järjestelmällistä ja arvostelevaa tutkimista sekä sen avulla saatua tietojen jäsentynyttä kokonaisuutta.[1][2] Tieteellinen tutkimus on järkiperäistä jo olevan tiedon johdonmukaisesti suoritettavaa erittelyä - korjausta, ja siten saatavan - uuden tiedon tallennusta. SitenTieteen menetelmä on objektiivinen, julkinen ja itseään korjaava.[3]

Tieteet jaotellaan reaalitieteisiin ja käsitteellisiin tieteisiin. Reaalitieteet jaetaan edelleen tavallisesti luonnontieteisiin ja humanistisiin tieteisiin. Käsitteellisiin tieteisiin kuuluvat matematiikka ja logiikka. Tieteenalat liittyvät läheisesti toisiinsa, sisäistyen monelta osin toisten osajoukkojen alueelle, ja siksi on kyettävä hallitsemaan monien muidenkin alojen - ainakin perustiedot.

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Tieteellinen menetelmä on tieteen tekemisessä käytettävä menettelytapa. Tieteellinen menetelmä, jossa tietoa tavoitellaan epädogmaattisesti, arvostelevasti ja julkisesti koeteltavin havainnoin, on sen kannattajien mielestä tehokkain ja järkiperäisin käsitysten muodostamisen menetelmä. Esimerkiksi Charles S. Peirce korosti artikkelissaan ”Kuinka käsityksiä muodostetaan” (1877) itseäänkorjaavan tieteellisen menetelmän ylivertaisuutta ”itsepäisyyden”, ”arvovallan” ja ”apriorisen” käsitystenmuodostamismenetelmään nähden.[1]

Tieteellistä menetelmää tutkii tieteenfilosofiassa metodologia eli menetelmäoppi.

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Navagio Beach (Greek: Ναυάγιο), or the Shipwreck, is an isolated sandy cove on Zakynthos island and one of the most famous beaches in Greece. It is notable because it is home to the wreck of the alleged smuggler ship Panagiotis; thus, it is often referred to as 'Smugglers Cove'.

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The timeline of human evolution outlines the major events in the development of human species, and the evolution of humans' ancestors. It includes a brief explanation of some animals, species or genera, which are possible ancestors of Homo sapiens sapiens. It begins with the origin of life and presents a possible line of descendants that led to humans. This timeline is based on studies from paleontology, developmental biology, morphology and from anatomical and genetic data. The study of human evolution is a major component of anthropology.

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This timeline of the evolution of life outlines the major events in the development of life on the planet Earth (See Organism). For a thorough explanatory context, see the history of Earth, and geologic time scale. The dates given in this article are estimates based on scientific evidence.

In biology, evolution is the process by which populations of organisms acquire and pass on novel traits from generation to generation. Its occurrence over large stretches of time explains the origin of new species and ultimately the vast diversity of the biological world. Contemporary species are related to each other through common descent, products of evolution and speciation over billions of years.

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Zakynthos (Greek: Ζάκυνθος(Ell-Zakynthos.ogg [ˈzacinθos] (help·info)), Venetian: Zacinto; Italian: Zante(a form often used in English)), the third largest of the Ionian Islands, covers an area of 410 km2 (158 sq mi) and its coastline is roughly 123 km (76 mi) in length. The island is named after Zakynthos, the son of a legendary Arcadian chief Dardanus. The name, like all similar names ending in -nthos, is pre-Mycenaean or Pelasgian in origin. Zakynthos has a thriving tourism industry.

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Artemisinin (pronounced /ɑːtə'misinən/) is a drug used to treat multi-drug resistant strains of falciparum malaria. The compound (a sesquiterpene lactone) is isolated from the plant Artemisia annua. Not all plants of this species contain artemisinin. Apparently it is only produced when the plant is subjected to certain conditions, most likely biotic or abiotic stress. It can be synthesized from artemisinic acid.[1] The drug is derived from a herb used in Chinese traditional medicine, though it is usually chemically modified and combined with other medications.

Artemisinin is under early research and testing for treatment of cancer, primarily by researchers at the University of Washington.[7][8] Artemisinin has a peroxide lactone group in its structure. It is thought that when the peroxide comes into contact with high iron concentrations (common in cancerous cells), the molecule becomes unstable and releases reactive oxygen species. It has been shown to reduce angiogenesis and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in some tissue cultures.

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