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Diet, evolution and aging--the pathophysiologic effects of the post-agricultural inversion of the potassium-to-sodium and base-to-chloride ratios in the human diet.
Frassetto L, Morris RC Jr, Sellmeyer DE, Todd K, Sebastian A.
Eur J Nutr. 2001 Oct;40(5):200-13. Review.
PMID: 11842945

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2001 October ejn study review humans Frassetto Sebastian acid-base acid_base nutrition evolution diet net_acid_load protein organic anions aging post-agricultural inversion potassium-to-sodium potassium sodium base-to-chloride base chloride medline

The effects of conjugated linoleic acid on human health-related outcomes.
Tricon S, Burdge GC, Williams CM, Calder PC, Yaqoob P.
Proc Nutr Soc. 2005 May;64(2):171-82. Review.
PMID: 15960862

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a collective term for a mixture of positional and geometric isomers of conjugated dienoic derivatives of linoleic acid. CLA has received considerable attention as a result of animal experiments that report anti-carcinogenic, anti-atherogenic and anti-diabetic properties, and modulation of body composition and immune function. Several studies of CLA supplementation in human subjects have now been published, but in contrast to animal studies there has been marked variation between reports on the health-related outcomes. The consensus from seventeen published studies in human subjects is that CLA does not affect body weight or body composition. Some detrimental effects of the trans-10,cis-12 CLA isomer have also been reported in terms of altered blood lipid composition and impaired insulin sensitivity. Finally, CLA has only limited effects on immune functions in man. However, there have been reports of some interesting isomer-specific effects of CLA on the blood lipid profile, but not on immune function. These isomer-specific effects need further investigation. Until more is known, CLA supplementation in man should be considered with caution.

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2005 May study review humans CLA health nutrition medline body_composition lipids lipid_profile CVD insulin resistance insulin_resistance immune function immune_function immunity

"Cholesterol And Heart Disease — Just a Myth?

A Review of Uffe Ravnskov's The Cholesterol Myths: Exposing the Fallacy that Saturated Fat and Cholesterol Cause Heart Disease

August 21, 2008
Reviewed by Chris Masterjohn

Uffe Ravnskov's 2000 book The Cholesterol Myths was a blockbuster among skeptics of mainstream health and nutrition dogma. With the heavy credentials of an MD, PhD author, the book formed the impetus for a resurrection of once-popular cholesterol skepticism that eventually led to the formation of The International Network of Cholesterol Skeptics in 2003, of which Ravnskov is the spokesman."

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2008 August all new review book Dr. Uffe Ravnskov cholesterol myths sfa cause CVD CHD nutrition

Coenzyme Q10.
Bonakdar RA, Guarneri E.
Am Fam Physician. 2005 Sep 15;72(6):1065-70. Review.
PMID: 16190504

Coenzyme Q10 is a vitamin-like substance used in the treatment of a variety of disorders primarily related to suboptimal cellular energy metabolism and oxidative injury. Studies supporting the efficacy of coenzyme Q10 appear most promising for neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease and certain encephalomyopathies for which coenzyme Q10 has gained orphan drug status. Results in other areas of research, including treatment of congestive heart failure and diabetes, appear to be contradictory or need further clarification before proceeding with recommendations. Coenzyme Q10 appears to be a safe supplement with minimal side effects and low drug interaction potential.

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2005 September study review humans nutrition medline Coenzyme Q10 Coenzyme_Q10 ubiquinone ubidecarenone coq10 CVD HF CHF diabetes dosage dosing Parkinson's disease Parkinson's_disease Parkinson

Coenzyme Q10 in the treatment of hypertension: a meta-analysis of the clinical trials.
Rosenfeldt FL, Haas SJ, Krum H, Hadj A, Ng K, Leong JY, Watts GF.
J Hum Hypertens. 2007 Apr;21(4):297-306. Epub 2007 Feb 8.
PMID: 17287847

We conclude that coenzyme Q10 has the potential in hypertensive patients to lower systolic blood pressure by up to 17 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure by up to 10 mm Hg without significant side effects.

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2007 April study review meta-analysis clinical_trials humans Coenzyme Q10 Coenzyme_Q10 hypertension nutrtion medline blood_pressure bp CVD ubiquinone ubidecarenone coq10

n-3 Fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: evidence explained and mechanisms explored.
Calder PC.
Clin Sci (Lond). 2004 Jul;107(1):1-11. Review.
PMID: 15132735

DIETARY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR INTAKE OF LONG-CHAIN n-3 PUFAS

It is clear from the forgoing discussion that long-chain n-3 fatty acids have been proven to be effective in secondary prevention of MI, with a particularly marked effect on sudden death. Thus it would be prudent to advise post-MI patients to increase long-chain n-3 PUFA consumption. Epidemiological studies, studies investigating effects on classic and emerging risk factors and mechanistic studies indicate that long-chain n-3 fatty acids also play a key role in primary prevention. This is supported by studies in animal models, including monkeys. Thus long-chain n-3 fatty acid consumption should be promoted for all individuals especially those at risk of developing cardiovascular disease. This is the reason why a number of organizations have now made recommendations relating to the intake of fatty fish (for example [3]) and of long-chain n-3 PUFAs (Table 6). It is clear that there is a wide gap between current intakes of long-chain n-3 PUFAs and many of these recommendations (Table 6). To meet these recommendations strategies other than increased consumption of fatty fish may be required.

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2004 July study review humans omega-3 CVD evidence mechanisms stabilize advanced atherosclerotic plaques stability plaque nutrition medline triglycerides fish_oil anti-arrhythmic EPA DHA sudden_death recommendations dietary

n-3 Fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: actions and molecular mechanisms.
Torrejon C, Jung UJ, Deckelbaum RJ.
Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2007 Nov-Dec;77(5-6):319-26. Epub 2007 Dec 3. Review. Erratum in: Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2008 Feb;78(2):157.
PMID: 18060753
doi: 10.1016/j.plefa.2007.10.014.

In conclusion, a growing body of evidence, encompassing human to cellular and molecular studies are defining the roles for n-3 FA as bioactive agents for reducing the risks of and treating CVD.

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...PMC2386438 - Preview

2007 November study review humans omega-3 CVD atherosclerosis actions molecular mechanisms molecular_mechanisms nutrition medline biological effects mechanism plaque stabilization stability plaques atherosclerotic atheroma bioactive agents risk

Cardiovascular risk and alpha-linolenic acid: can Costa Rica clarify?
Harris WS.
Circulation. 2008 Jul 22;118(4):323-4. Epub 2008 Jul 7. Review. PMID: 18606912
doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.791467

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2008 July Circulation study editorial review Harris epidemiological humans alpha-linolenic acid alpha-linolenic_acid ALA omega-3 nutrition CVD CHD risk cardiovascular cardiovascular_risk CVD_risk medline

Do dietary lectins cause disease?
Freed DL.
BMJ. 1999 Apr 17;318(7190):1023-4.
PMID: 10205084

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1999 April BMJ edorial review humans dietary lectins cause disease lectin nutrition medline diseases health

Depression as a predictor for coronary heart disease. a review and meta-analysis.
Rugulies R.
Am J Prev Med. 2002 Jul;23(1):51-61. Review.
PMID: 12093424

www.ajpm-online.net/...abstract - Preview

2002 July study review meta-analysis depression predictor CVD CHD myocardial infarction myocardial_infarction MI depressive disorder depressive_disorder epidemiological medline

Increasing rates of depression.
Klerman GL, Weissman MM.
JAMA. 1989 Apr 21;261(15):2229-35. Review.
PMID: 2648043

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1989 April study review humans Increasing rates depression rate medline

Effects of vitamin D supplementation on strength, physical performance, and falls in older persons: a systematic review.
Latham NK, Anderson CS, Reid IR.
J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003 Sep;51(9):1219-26. Review.
PMID: 12919233
DOI: 10.1046/j.1532-5415.2003.51405.

Conclusion: Although there is insufficient evidence that vitamin D supplementation alone improves physical performance in older people, some data suggest a benefit from vitamin D combined with calcium supplementation, but this requires confirmation in large, well-designed trials.

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2003 September study systematic review humans elderly older old vitamin_D supplementation muscle strength falls muscle_strength physical function performance physical_performance

Dietary protein and bone health: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Darling AL, Millward DJ, Torgerson DJ, Hewitt CE, Lanham-New SA.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Nov 4. [Epub ahead of print]
PMID: 19889822

www.ajcn.org/...1674 - Preview

2009 November ajcn study research systematic review meta-analysis Dietary protein bone health bone_health BMD osteoporosis nutrition medline

Effectiveness and safety of vitamin D in relation to bone health.
Cranney A, Horsley T, O'Donnell S, Weiler H, Puil L, Ooi D, Atkinson S, Ward L, Moher D, Hanley D, Fang M, Yazdi F, Garritty C, Sampson M, Barrowman N, Tsertsvadze A, Mamaladze V.
Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep). 2007 Aug;(158):1-235. Review.
PMID: 18088161

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2007 August study review vitamin_D effectiveness efficacy safety bone health bone_health osteoporosis nutrition medline evidence report reports technology assessessment

Vitamin D and cognitive performance in adults: a systematic review.
Annweiler C, Allali G, Allain P, Bridenbaugh S, Schott AM, Kressig RW, Beauchet O.
Eur J Neurol. 2009 Oct;16(10):1083-9. Epub 2009 Jul 29.
PMID: 19659751
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02755.x

This systematic review shows that the association between serum 25OHD concentrations and cognitive performance is not yet clearly established. The inconclusive results of the reviewed studies could be due to methodology, types of the cognitive tasks used and/or the cellular mechanisms of vitamin D.

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2009 October study systematic review humans adults vvitamin_D nutrition cognition cognitive performance cognitive_performance aging ageing 25ohd memory medline

Vitamin D-Related Changes in Physical Performance: A Systematic Review.
Annweiler C, Schott AM, Berrut G, Fantino B, Beauchet O.
J Nutr Health Aging. 2009;13(10):893-898.
PMID: 19924350

Conclusions: The findings show that the association between vitamin D and physical performance remains controversial. Observational studies and clinical trials yielded divergent results, which highlights the complex and to date still poorly understood association between serum vitamin D concentration or vitamin D supplementation and physical performance.

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/...19924350 - Preview

2009 November study Systematic Review humans Vitamin_D-Related Changes Physical Performance Physical_Performance vitamin_D muscle strength muscle_strength nutrition medline

Omega 3 fatty acids and the brain: review of studies in depression.
Sinclair AJ, Begg D, Mathai M, Weisinger RS.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16 Suppl 1:391-7. Review.
PMID: 17392137

This paper discusses the clinical studies conducted in the area of depression and omega 3 PUFA and the possible mechanisms of action of these PUFA. It is clear from the literature that DHA is involved in a variety of processes in neural cells and that its role is far more complex than simply influencing cell membrane properties.

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2007 study review humans omega-3 brain depression DHA E-EPA EPA membrane function dopamine BDNF AA turnover omega-6 nutrition medline

Mediators and receptors in the resolution of inflammation: drug targeting opportunities.
Stewart AG.
Br J Pharmacol. 2009 Oct;158(4):933-5.
PMID: 19845683
DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00484.x

The active resolution of inflammation is recognized as offering new opportunities to generate novel anti-inflammatory agents. The emerging appreciation of the importance of active resolution in regulation of inflammation also creates an imperative to examine developing and existing agents for their potential to influence these pathways. This themed issue of the British Journal of Pharmacology contains papers that discuss the roles of annexin-1, lipoxins and related lipid products of fish oils as well as other mechanisms involved in active resolution and their receptor targets.

This article is part of a themed issue on Mediators and Receptors in the Resolution of Inflammation. To view this issue visit http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121548564/issueyear?year=2009

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2009 October study review anti-inflammatory_lipid_mediators anti-inflammatory lipid_mediators lipid mediators annexin-1 lipoxins fish_oil inflammation resolution receptors medline agents

Effects of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on depressed mood: systematic review of published trials.
Appleton KM, Hayward RC, Gunnell D, Peters TJ, Rogers PJ, Kessler D, Ness AR.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Dec;84(6):1308-16. Review.
PMID: 17158410

Conclusions: Trial evidence that examines the effects of n–3 PUFAs on depressed mood is limited and is difficult to summarize and evaluate because of considerable heterogeneity. The evidence available provides little support for the use of n–3 PUFAs to improve depressed mood. Larger trials with adequate power to detect clinically important benefits are required.

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2006 December ajcn study systematic review meta-analysis clinical_trials rcts humans omega-3 PUFA PUFAs nutrition medline depression depressed mood

Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease risk.
Michos ED, Melamed ML.
Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2008 Jan;11(1):7-12. Review.
PMID: 18090651
doi: 10.1097/MCO.0b013e3282f2f4dd

Summary: Vitamin D deficiency is easy to screen for and easy to treat with supplementation. Further larger observational studies and randomized clinical trials are, however, needed to determine whether vitamin D supplementation could have any potential benefit in reducing future cardiovascular disease events and mortality risk.

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2008 January study review humans vitamin_D deficiency CVD risk CVD_risk nutrition medline 25ohd