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29 Apr 15
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11 Nov 14
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In sociology, social capital is the expected collective or economic benefits derived from the preferential treatment and cooperation between individuals and group
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social contacts affect the productivity of individuals and groups
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only became widely used in the late 1990s
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Portes has identified four negative consequences of social capital: exclusion of outsiders; excess claims on group members; restrictions on individual freedom; and downward levelling norms
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An interesting distinction of social organization is that between bonding and bridging ties
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Social capital lends itself to multiple definitions, interpretations, and uses.
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For researchers, the term is popular partly due to the broad range of outcomes it can explain;
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Putnam[35] suggested that social capital would facilitate co-operation and mutually supportive relations in communities and nations and would therefore be a valuable means of combating many of the social disorders inherent in modern societies, for example crime. In contrast to those focusing on the individual benefit derived from the web of social relationships and ties individual actors find themselves in, attribute social capital to increased personal access to information and skill sets and enhanced power.[36] According to this view, individuals could use social capital to further their own career prospects, rather than for the good of organisations.
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Early attempts to define social capital focused on the degree to which social capital as a resource should be used for public good or for the benefit of individuals.
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In The Forms of Capital[37] Pierre Bourdieu distinguishes between three forms of capital: economic capital, cultural capital and social capital. He defines social capital as "the aggregate of the actual or potential resources which are linked to possession of a durable network of more or less institutionalized relationships of mutual acquaintance and recognition."
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refers to the collective value of all 'social networks' and the inclinations that arise from these networks to do things for each other."[1] According to Putnam and his followers, social capital is a key component to building and maintaining democracy.
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Robert Putnam
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Nan Lin's concept of social capital has a more individualistic approach: "Investment in social relations with expected returns in the marketplace."
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While for example social capital is often understood as the networks that a person possesses and that he/she may use in a social integration purpose, it is more the disposition to create, maintain and develop such networks that constitutes real social capital.
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Through the social capital concept researchers have tried to propose a synthesis between the value contained in the communitarian approaches and individualism professed by the 'rational choice theory.' Social capital can only be generated collectively thanks to the presence of communities and social networks, but individuals and groups can use it at the same time. Individuals can exploit social capital of their networks to achieve private objectives and groups can use it to enforce a certain set of norms or behaviors. In this sense, social capital is generated collectively but it can also be used individually, bridging the dichotomized approach 'communitarianism' versus 'individualism' (Ferragina, 2010:75).[48]
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Putnam speaks of two main components of the concept: bonding social capital and bridging social capital,
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There is no widely held consensus on how to measure social capita
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Many studies measure social capital by asking the question: “do you trust the others?”
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Sociologists Carl L. Bankston and Min Zhou have argued that one of the reasons social capital is so difficult to measure is that it is neither an individual-level nor a group-level phenomenon, but one that emerges across levels of analysis as individuals participate in groups
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Morgan and Sorensen's (1999) study implies that social capital is contextualised, one kind of social capital may be positive in this setting but is not necessarily still positive in another setting.[107]
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04 Oct 14
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observations about American life
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outline and define social capital
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social capital in the abstract is a neutral resource
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produce or reproduce inequality
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social connections
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people gain access to powerful positions
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Putnam
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concept in a much more positive light
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lack of awareness of the structural socio-economic conditions of society
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level of income inequality
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excessive determinism of the historical analysis
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04 Sep 14
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Alexis de Tocqueville had observations about American life that seemed to outline and define social capital. He observed that Americans were prone to meeting at as many gatherings as possible to discuss all possible issues of state, economics, or the world that could be witnessed. The high levels of transparency caused greater participation from the people and thus allowed for democracy to work better
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L. J. Hanifan's 1916 article regarding local support for rural schools is one of the first occurrences of the term "social capital" in reference to social cohesion and personal investment in the community
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If he may come into contact with his neighbor, and they with other neighbors, there will be an accumulation of social capital, which may immediately satisfy his social needs and which may bear a social potentiality sufficient to the substantial improvement of living conditions in the whole community. The community as a whole will benefit by the cooperation of all its parts, while the individual will find in his associations the advantages of the help, the sympathy, and the fellowship of his neighbors
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- Facilitate communication in the community across ethnic lines
- Squelch false rumors
- Help the administration carry out its job and in particular peace, security and justice
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David Halpern argues that the popularity of social capital for policymakers is linked to the concept's duality, coming because "it has a hard nosed economic feel while restating the importance of the social."
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In The Forms of Capital[37] Pierre Bourdieu distinguishes between three forms of capital: economic capital, cultural capital and social capital.
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he aggregate of the actual or potential resources which are linked to possession of a durable network of more or less institutionalized relationships of mutual acquaintance and recognition
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Bourdieu thus points out that the wealthy and powerful use their "old boys network" or other social capital to maintain advantages for themselves, their social class, and their children.
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This is seen in lower levels of trust in government and lower levels of civic participation
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His main argument for classifying social capital as a geographical concept is that the relationships of people is shaped and molded by the areas in which they live.
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argued that the lack of social capital in the South of Italy was more the product of a peculiar historical and geographical development than the consequence of a set of contemporary socio-economic conditions. This idea has sparked a lengthy debate and received fierce criticism
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Anthony Giddens developed a theory in 1984 in which he relates social structures and the actions that they produce. In his studies, he does not look at the individual participants of these structures, but how the structures and the social connections that stem from them are diffused over space
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18 May 14
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14 Apr 14
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social capital as a resource should be used for public good or for the benefit of individuals. Putnam
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a variety of entities with two elements in common: they all consist of some aspect of social structure, and they facilitate certain actions of actors...within the structure
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social capital "refers to the collective value of all 'social networks' and the inclinations that arise from these networks to do things for each other."
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23 Feb 14
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20 Feb 14
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16 Jan 14
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In sociology, social capital is the expected collective or economic benefits derived from the preferential treatment and cooperation between individuals and groups.
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A growing body of research has found that the presence of social capital through social networks and communities has a protective quality on health. Social capital affects health risk behavior in the sense that individuals who are embedded in a network or community rich in support, social trust, information, and norms, have resources that help achieve health goals.[86] For example, a person who is sick with cancer may receive information, money, or moral support he or she needs to endure treatment and recover. Social capital also encourages social trust and membership. These factors can discourage individuals from engaging in risky health behaviors such as smoking and binge drinking
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10 Nov 13
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the value derived from strategic alliances
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improved performance of functionally diverse groups,
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A resource that actors derive from specific social structures and then use to pursue their interests
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the degree to which social capital as a resource should be used for public good or for the benefit of individuals.
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Putnam[33] suggested that social capital would facilitate co-operation and mutually supportive relations in communities
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He defines social capital as "the aggregate of the actual or potential resources which are linked to possession of a durable network of more or less institutionalized relationships of mutual acquaintance and recognition.
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06 Jul 13
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social capital is the expected collective or economic benefits derived from the preferential treatment and cooperation between individuals and groups.
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ust as a screwdriver (physical capital) or a university education (cultural capital or human capital) can increase productivity (both individual and collective), so do social contacts affect the productivity of individuals and groups.[1]
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the value of networks
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20 Nov 12
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19 Oct 12
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social capital is the expected collective or economic benefits derived from the preferential treatment and cooperation between individuals and groups
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he debate of community versus modernization of society and individualism has been the most discussed topic among the fathers of sociology
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Portes has identified four negative consequences of social capital: exclusion of outsiders; excess claims on group members; restrictions on individual freedom; and downward levelling norms
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12 Oct 12
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First, social capital is not equally available to all, in much the same way that other forms of capital are differently available. Geographic and social isolation limit access to this resource. Second, not all social capital is created equally. The value of a specific source of social capital depends in no small part on the socio-economic position of the source with society. On top of this, Portes has identified four negative consequences of social capital: exclusion of outsiders; excess claims on group members; restrictions on individual freedom; and downward levelling norms.
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In The Forms of Capital[34] Pierre Bourdieu distinguishes between three forms of capital: economic capital, cultural capital and social capital. He defines social capital as "the aggregate of the actual or potential resources which are linked to possession of a durable network of more or less institutionalized relationships of mutual acquaintance and recognition."
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social capital is anything that facilitates individual or collective action, generated by networks of relationships, reciprocity, trust, and social norms.
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Robert Putnam, social capital "refers to the collective value of all 'social networks' and the inclinations that arise from these networks to do things for each other."[
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Putnam believes that social capital can be measured by the amount of trust and "reciprocity" in a community or between individuals
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Nan Lin's concept of social capital has a more individualistic approach: "Investment in social relations with expected returns in the marketplace." This may subsume the concepts of some others such as Bourdieu, Flap and Eriksson
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26 Jun 12
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In sociology, social capital is the expected collective or economic benefits derived from the preferential treatment and cooperation between individuals and groups. Although different social sciences emphasize different aspects of social capital, they tend to share the core idea "that social networks have value". Just as a screwdriver (physical capital) or a university education (human capital) can increase productivity (both individual and collective), so do social contacts affect the productivity of individuals and groups".[1]
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In the late 1990s the concept gained popularity, serving as the focus of a World Bank research programme and the subject of several mainstream books, including Robert Putnam's Bowling Alone[1] and Putnam and Lewis Feldstein's Better Together.
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Though Bourdieu might agree with Coleman that social capital in the abstract is a neutral resource, his work tends to show how it can be used practically to produce or reproduce inequality, demonstrating for instance how people gain access to powerful positions through the direct and indirect employment of social connections. Robert Putnam has used the concept in a much more positive light: though he was at first careful to argue that social capital was a neutral term, stating “whether or not [the] shared are praiseworthy is, of course, entirely another matter”,[19] his work on American society tends to frame social capital as a producer of "civic engagement" and also a broad societal measure of communal health.[20] He also transforms social capital from a resource possessed by individuals to an attribute of collectives, focusing on norms and trust as producers of social capital to the exclusion of networks.
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In The Forms of Capital[31] Pierre Bourdieu distinguishes between three forms of capital: economic capital, cultural capital and social capital. He defines social capital as "the aggregate of the actual or potential resources which are linked to possession of a durable network of more or less institutionalized relationships of mutual acquaintance and recognition."[32] His treatment of the concept is instrumental, focusing on the advantages to possessors of social capital and the “deliberate construction of sociability for the purpose of creating this resource.”[22]
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According to Robert Putnam, social capital "refers to the collective value of all 'social networks' and the inclinations that arise from these networks to do things for each other."[1] According to Putnam and his followers, social capital is a key component to building and maintaining democracy. Putnam says that social capital is declining in the United States. This is seen in lower levels of trust in government and lower levels of civic participation. Putnam also says that television and urban sprawl have had a significant role in making America far less 'connected'. Putnam believes that social capital can be measured by the amount of trust and "reciprocity" in a community or between individuals.[citation needed]
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The modern emergence of social capital concept renewed the academic interest for an old debate in social science: the relationship between trust, social networks and the development of modern industrial society.
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28 May 12
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James Coleman defined social capital functionally as “a variety of entities with two elements in common: they all consist of some aspect of social structure, and they facilitate certain actions of actors...within the structure”[22]—that is, social capital is anything that facilitates individual or collective action, generated by networks of relationships, reciprocity, trust, and social norms.
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Social capital can only be generated collectively thanks to the presence of communities and social networks, but individuals and groups can use it at the same time. Individuals can exploit social capital of their networks to achieve private objectives and groups can use it to enforce a certain set of norms or behaviors. In this sense, social capital is generated collectively but it can also be used individually, bridging the dichotomized approach 'communitarianism' versus 'individualism' (Ferragina, 2010:75)
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There is no widely held consensus on how to measure social capital, which has become a debate in itself: why refer to this phenomenon as 'capital' if there is no true way to measure it? While one can usually intuitively sense the level/amount of social capital present in a given relationship (regardless of type or scale), quantitative measuring has proven somewhat complicated.
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Many studies measure social capital by asking the question: “do you trust the others?”. Other researches analyse the participation in voluntary associations or civic activities.
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A growing body of research has found that the presence of social capital through social networks and communities has a protective quality on health.
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Social capital affects health risk behavior in the sense that individuals who are embedded in a network or community rich in support, social trust, information, and norms, have resources that help achieve health goals
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11 Apr 12
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Social capital is a sociological concept which refers to the value of social relations and the role of cooperation and confidence to get collective or economic results. The term is used by different social sciences emphasizing different aspects of the concept. In general terms, social capital is the crux of social relations, and consists of the expectative benefits derived from the preferential treatment and cooperation between individuals and groups.
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06 Mar 12
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Social capital is a sociological concept which refers to the value of social relations and the role of cooperation and confidence to get collective or economic results.
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social capital is the crux of social relations, and consists of the expectative benefits derived from the preferential treatment and cooperation between individuals and groups.
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"that social networks have value.
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so do social contacts affect the productivity of individuals and groups"
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Sociologist Pierre Bourdieu used the term in 1972 in his Outline of a Theory of Practice,[4] and clarified the term some years later in contrast to cultural, economic, and symbolic capital.
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14 Dec 11
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03 Dec 11
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Social capital is a sociological concept, which refers to connections within and between social networks. The concept of social capital highlights the value of social relations and the role of cooperation and confidence to get collective or economic results. The term social capital is frequently used by different social sciences. It is a wide term, and that is why it can be defined accentuating different aspects depending on the perspective. In general terms, it could be said that social capital is the fruit of social relations, and consists of the expectative benefits derived from the preferential treatment and cooperation between individuals and groups.
Though there are a variety of related definitions, which have been described as "something of a cure-all"[1] for the problems of modern society, they tend to share the core idea "that social networks have value. Just as a screwdriver (physical capital) or a university education (human capital) can increase productivity (both individual and collective), so do social contacts affect the productivity of individuals and groups".[2]
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18 Nov 11
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Social capital is a sociological concept, which refers to connections within and between social networks. The concept of social capital highlights the value of social relations and the role of cooperation and confidence to get collective or economic results.
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core idea "that social networks have value
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Hanifan contrasts social capital with material good
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Jane Jacobs used the term early in the 1960s. Although she did not explicitly define the term social capital her usage referred to the value of networks
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critical component of interest group formation
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Sociologist Pierre Bourdieu used the term in 1972 in his Outline of a Theory of Practice,[5] and clarified the term some years later in contrast to cultural, economic, and symbolic capital.
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In the late 1990s the concept gained popularity
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The concept that underlies social capital has a much longer history
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many thinkers questioned the complicated relationship between 'modern society' and the importance of 'old institutions
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breakdown of traditional bonds and the progressive development of anomie and alienation in society
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All these reflections contributed remarkably to the development of the social capital concept in the following decades.
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Bourdieu
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his work tends to show how it can be used practically to produce or reproduce inequality,
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consensus building as a direct positive indicator of social capital.
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two key issues in the study of social capital. First, social capital is not equally available to all, in much the same way that other forms of capital are differently available. Geographic and social isolation limit access to this resource. Second, not all social capital is created equally.
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distinction between "bonding" and "bridging". There is currently no research which identifies the negative consequences of "bridging" social capital when in balance with its necessary antecedent, "bonding".
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Social capital lends itself to multiple definitions, interpretations, and uses.
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Early attempts to define social capital focused on the degree to which social capital as a resource should be used for public good or for the benefit of individuals. Putnam[29] suggested that social capital would facilitate co-operation and mutually supportive relations in communities and nations and would therefore be a valuable means of combating many of the social disorders inherent in modern societies,
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Bourdieu distinguishes between three forms of capital: economic capital, cultural capital and social capital.
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durable network of more or less institutionalized relationships
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deliberate construction of sociability for the purpose of creating this resource.”[1]
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According to Robert Putnam, social capital "refers to the collective value of all 'social networks' and the inclinations that arise from these networks to do things for each other."
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In "Social Capital and Development: The Coming Agenda," Francis Fukuyama points out that there isn't an agreed definition of social capital, so he explains it as "shared norms or values that promote social cooperation, instantiated in actual social relationships"
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Familism is a major problem of trust because it fosters a two-tiered moral system, in which a person must favor the opinions of family members.
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weak and strong ties
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Communication is needed to access and use social capital
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A network-based conception can also be used for characterizing the social capital of collectivities (such as organizations or business clusters).[
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05 Nov 11
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24 Oct 11
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Social capital is a sociological concept, which refers to connections within and between social networks.
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share the core idea "that social networks have value.
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19 Oct 11
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The appearance of the modern social capital conceptualization is a new way to look at this debate, keeping together the importance of community to build generalized trust and the same time, the importance of individual free choice, in order to create a more cohesive society (Ferragina, 2010[18]). It is for this reason that social capital generated so much interest in the academic and political world (Rose, 2000[19]).
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David Halpern argues that the popularity of social capital for policymakers is linked to the concept's duality, coming because "it has a hard nosed economic feel while restating the importance of the social." For researchers, the term is popular partly due to the broad range of outcomes it can explain;[24]
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According to Robert Putnam, social capital "refers to the collective value of all 'social networks' and the inclinations that arise from these networks to do things for each other."[2]
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A growing body of research has found that the presence of social capital through social networks and communities has a protective quality on health. Social capital affects health risk behavior in the sense that individuals who are embedded in a network or community rich in support, social trust, information, and norms, have resources that help achieve health goals.[61] For example, a person who is sick with cancer may receive information, money, or moral support he or she needs to endure treatment and recover. Social capital also encourages social trust and membership. These factors can discourage individuals from engaging in risky health behaviors such as smoking and binge drinking.[62]
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n example of the complexities of the effects of social capital is violent or criminal gang activity that is encouraged through the strengthening of intra-group relationships. (Bonding social capital) This iterates the importance of distinguishing between bridging social capital as opposed to the more easily accomplished bonding of social capital. In the case of deleterious consequences of social capital, it is a disproportionate amount of bonding vis-à-vis bridging.[citation needed]
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09 Jul 11
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Social capital is a sociological concept, which refers to connections within and between social networks. Though there are a variety of related definitions, which have been described as "something of a cure-all"[1] for the problems of modern society, they tend to share the core idea "that social networks have value. Just as a screwdriver (physical capital) or a university education (human capital) can increase productivity (both individual and collective), so do social contacts affect the productivity of individuals and groups".[2]
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Though Bourdieu might agree with Coleman that social capital in the abstract is a neutral resource, his work tends to show how it can be used practically to produce or reproduce inequality, demonstrating for instance how people gain access to powerful positions through the direct and indirect employment of social connections. Robert Putnam has used the concept in a much more positive light:
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He also transforms social capital from a resource possessed by individuals to an attribute of collectives, focusing on norms and trust as producers of social capital to the exclusion of networks.
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Edwards and Foley,
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Portes
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James Coleman
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obert Putna
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bridging social capital
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t social capital should not be mixed up with its manifestations
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actor's, either individual or collective,
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weak and strong ties are explained by Granovetter
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Social capital can only be generated collectively thanks to the presence of communities and social networks, but individuals and groups can use it at the same time.
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18 Mar 11
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"that social networks have value
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social contacts affect the productivity of individuals and groups"
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13 Mar 11
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The idea that creating social capital (i.e., creating networks) will strengthen civil society underlies current Australian social policy aimed at bridging deepening social divisions
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social networks have value. Just as a screwdriver (physical capital) or a college education (human capital) can increase productivity (both individual and collective), so do social contacts affect the productivity of individuals and groups".[2]
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"social capital" in reference to social cohesion and personal investment in the community.
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goodwill, fellowship, mutual sympathy and social intercourse among a group of individuals and families who make up a social unit
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the substantial improvement of living conditions in the whole community
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The community as a whole will benefit by the cooperation of all its parts, while the individual will find in his associations the advantages of the help, the sympathy, and the fellowship of his neighbors
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social cohesion and connectedness
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family and traditional communities
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They were convinced that industrialisation and urbanization were transforming social relationship in an irreversible way. They observed a breakdown of traditional bonds and the progressive development of anomie and alienation in society
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importance of community to build generalized trust
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how people gain access to powerful positions through the direct and indirect employment of social connections.
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“shared interest” and agreement among various actors and stakeholders to induce collective action.
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the importance of the social
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used for public good or for the benefit of individuals
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social capital would facilitate co-operation and mutually supportive relations in communities and nations and would therefore be a valuable means of combating many of the social disorders inherent in modern societies
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attribute social capital to increased personal access to information and skill sets and enhanced power.[29] According to this view, individuals could use social capital to further their own career prospects, rather than for the good of organisations.
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“deliberate construction of sociability for the purpose of creating this resource.”[
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social capital is anything that facilitates individual or collective action, generated by networks of relationships, reciprocity, trust, and social norms
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whether society is better off as a result depends entirely on the individual uses to which it is put.[19]
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social capital "refers to the collective value of all 'social networks' and the inclinations that arise from these networks to do things for each other."
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social capital can be measured by the amount of trust and "reciprocity" in a community or between individuals
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"Investment in social relations with expected returns in the marketplace."
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"shared norms or values that promote social cooperation, instantiated in actual social relationships"
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a broader radius of trust will enable connections across borders of all sorts and serve as a basis for organizations.
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there is still much to be done to build a strong social capital.
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While for example social capital is often understood as the networks that a person possesses and that he/she may use in a social integration purpose, it is more the disposition to create, maintain and develop such networks that constitutes real social capital.
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social capital is a collective mental disposition close to the spirit of community.
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an individual ability to make weak and strong ties to others within a system
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trust of others and their cooperation and the identification an individual has within a network
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Communication is needed to access and use social capital through exchanging information, identifying problems and solutions, and managing conflict
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social capital is not depleted by use, but in fact depleted by non-use ("use it or lose it").
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'multiply picnics'
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an asset for those individuals and groups involved
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"virtual" social capital is a new area of research
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Value interjection pertains to be a person or community that fulfills obligations such as paying bills on time, philanthropy, and following the rules of society. People that live their life this way feel that these are norms of society and are able to live their lives free of worry for their credit, children, and receive charity if needed. Coleman goes on to say that that when people live in this way and benefit from this type of social capital, individuals in the society are able to rest assured that their belongings and family will be safe.[42]
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workers banded together and worked together in order to support each other for the benefit of the group
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brings individuals to stand up for what they believe in, and even die for it, in the face of adversary.[44]
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The donor is not freely giving up his resources to be directly repaid by the recipient, but, as stated above, the honor of the community.
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The level of cohesion of a group also affects its social capital
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financial capital, which is a resource held by an individual
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advantageously organized groups.[48]
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to provide benefits for themselves or for others
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groups of people acting voluntarily
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These voluntary associations also connect people with each other, build trust and reciprocity through informal, loosely structured associations, and consolidate society through altruism without obligation
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"the space for free association, where people could meet and form groups to pursue their enthusiasm, express their values and assist others". This is a "vibrant space, full of argument and disputation about matters of greatest import to its citizens", resembling the polis of Athens
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decency, respect, good manners and kindness to fellow beings.
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The goal is to reintegrate those marginalised from the rewards of the economic system into "the community".
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A low level of social capital leads to an excessively rigid and unresponsive political system and high levels of corruption, in the political system and in the region as a whole. Formal public institutions require social capital in order to function properly, and while it is possible to have too much social capital (resulting in rapid changes and excessive regulation), it is decidedly worse to have too little.
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higher levels of social capital led to higher support for democracy
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involves the quantity, quality and strength of an individual social capital
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09 Mar 11
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According to Robert Putnam, social capital "refers to the collective value of all 'social networks' and the inclinations that arise from these networks to do things for each other."[2] According to Putnam and his followers, social capital is a key component to building and maintaining democracy. Putnam says that social capital is declining in the United States. This is seen in lower levels of trust in government and lower levels
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of civic participation. Putnam also says that television and urban sprawl have had a significant role in making America far less 'connected'. Putnam believes that social capital can be measured by the amount of trust and "reciprocity" in a community or between individuals.[citation needed]
Nan Lin's concept of social capital has a more individualistic approach: "Investment in social relations with exp
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04 Mar 11
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In The Forms of Capital[30] Pierre Bourdieu distinguishes between three forms of capital: economic capital, cultural capital and social capital. He defines social capital as "the aggregate of the actual or potential resources which are linked to possession of a durable network of more or less institutionalized relationships of mutual acquaintance and recognition."
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deliberate construction of sociability for the purpose of creating this resource
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multiply picnics
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17 Feb 11
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Effects on educational achievement
Coleman and Hoffer collected quantitative data of 28,000 students in total 1,015 public, Catholic and other private high schools in America from the 7 years' period from 1980 to 1987.[72] It was found from this longitudinal research that social capital in students' families and communities attributed to the much lower dropout rates in Catholic schools compared with the higher rates in public.
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goal-directed dimension of social capital
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05 Dec 10
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thinkers exploring the relation between associational life and democracy were using similar concepts regularly by the 19th century, drawing on the work of earlier writers such as James Madison (The Federalist Papers) and Alexis de Tocqueville (Democracy in America) to integrate concepts of social cohesion and connectedness into the pluralist tradition in American political science
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power of 'community governance'
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ision was strongly criticised at the end of the 18th century, with the development of the idea of Homo Economicus and subsequently with 'rational choice theory'
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how people gain access to powerful positions through the direct and indirect employment of social connections
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social capital as a producer of "civic engagement"
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transforms social capital from a resource possessed by individuals to an attribute of collectives, focusing on norms and trust as producers of social capital
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ollective action is thus an indicator of increased social capital
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02 Dec 10
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29 Jun 10
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27 May 10
Campus for CommunitiesSocial Capital: Definitions and Issues
***Source: Wikipedia** -
14 May 10
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02 May 10
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04 Apr 10
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15 Mar 10
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22 Jan 10
"According to Robert Putnam, social capital "refers to the collective value of all 'social networks' and the inclinations that arise from these networks to do things for each other".[citation needed] According to Putnam and his followers, social capital is a key component to building and maintaining democracy. Putnam says that social capital is declining in the United States. This is seen in lower levels of trust in government and lower levels of civic participation. Putnam also says that television and urban sprawl have had a significant role in making America far less 'connected'. Putnam believes that social capital can be measured by the amount of trust and "reciprocity" in a community or between individuals."
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15 Jan 10
Rana ChakrabartiThe Social Capital Foundation (TSCF) suggested that social capital should not be
mixed up with its manifestations. While for example social capital is often
understood as the networks that a person possesses and that he/she may use in a
social integration purpose, it is more the disposition to create, maintain and
develop such networks that constitutes real social capital. Similarly, civic
engagement is a manifestation of social capital but not social capital itself.
In this definition, social capital is a collective mental disposition close to
the spirit of community -
14 Nov 09
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^ Coleman, James. (1988). "Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital." American Journal of Sociology Supplement 94: S95-S120. Wellman, Barry and Scot Wortley. (1990)."Different Strokes from Different Folks: Community Ties and Social Support." American Journal of Sociology 96: 558-88. Loury, Glenn (1977). A Dynamic Theory of Racial Income Differences. Chapter 8 of Women, Minorities, and Employment Discrimination, Ed. P.A. Wallace and A. Le Mund. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books.
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06 Nov 09
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attribute of collectives
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resource possessed by individuals
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bonding and bridging
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multiplicity of uses for social capital has led to a multiplicity of definitions
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attempts to define social capita
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three forms of capital
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instrumental
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contrary to Putnam's
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collective value
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individualistic approach
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subjective phenomenon formed by values and attitudes which influence interactions
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shared norms or values that promote social cooperation, instantiated in actual social relationships
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bonding
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bridging
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linking
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why refer to this phenomenon as 'capital' if there is no true way to measure it
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voluntary associations and organisations outside the market and state
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third sector
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sources of social capital
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Australian social policy aimed at bridging deepening social divisions
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neo-liberalism has been recast as economic rationalism
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social capital, particularly when connected to certain ideas about civil society
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Bourdieu believed the actions of individuals were rarely ever conscious
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social platform, itself, that equips one
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habitus refers to the social context within which a social actor is socialized
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Out of habitus comes field
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21 Oct 09
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07 Oct 09
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29 Sep 09
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In The Forms of Capital[16] Pierre Bourdieu distinguishes between three forms of capital: economic capital, cultural capital and social capital. He defines social capital as "the aggregate of the actual or potential resources which are linked to possession of a durable network of more or less institutionalised relationships of mutual acquaintance and recognition".[17] His treatment of the concept is instrumental, focusing on the advantages to possessors of social capital and the “deliberate construction of sociability for the purpose of creating this resource”.[1]
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Nan Lin's concept of social capital has a more individualistic approach: "Investment in social relations with expected returns in the marketplace"
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24 Sep 09
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nces between we
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Nahapiet and Ghoshal in their examination of the role of social capital in the creation of intellectual capital, suggest that social capital should be considered in terms of three clusters: structural, relational and cognitive. Carlos García Timón describes that the structural dimensions of social capital relate to an individual ability to make weak and strong ties to others within a system. This dimension focuses on the advantages derived from the configuration of an actor's, either individual or collective, network. The differences between weak and strong ties are explained by Granovetter (1973).[20] The relational dimension focuses on the character of the connection between individuals. This is best characterized through trust of others and their cooperation and the identification an individual has within a network. Hazleton and Kennan[21] added a third angle, that of communication. Communication is needed to access and use social capital through exchanging information, identifying problems and solutions, and managing conflict. According to Boisot[22] and Boland and Tensaki,[23] meaningful communication requires at least some sharing context between the parties to such exchange. The cognitive dimension focusses on the shared meaning and understanding that individuals or groups have with one another.
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Nahapiet and Ghoshal in their examination of the role of social capital in the creation of intellectual capital, suggest that social capital should be considered in terms of three clusters: structural, relational and cognitive. Carlos García Timón describes that the structural dimensions of social capital relate to an individual ability to make weak and strong ties to others within a system. This dimension focuses on the advantages derived from the configuration of an actor's, either individual or collective, network. The differences between weak and strong ties are explained by Granovetter (1973).[20] The relational dimension focuses on the character of the connection between individuals. This is best characterized through trust of others and their cooperation and the identification an individual has within a network. Hazleton and Kennan[21] added a third angle, that of communication. Communication is needed to access and use social capital through exchanging information, identifying problems and solutions, and managing conflict. According to Boisot[22] and Boland and Tensaki,[23] meaningful communication requires at least some sharing context between the parties to such exchange. The cognitive dimension focusses on the shared meaning and understanding that individuals or groups have with one another.
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Putnam, Robert D. (2006) E Pluribus Unim: Diversity and Community in the Twenty-First Century, Nordic Political Science Association
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Putnam, Robert D. (2006) E Pluribus Unim: Diversity and Community in the Twenty-First Century, Nordic Political Science Association
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Sociologists Carl L. Bankston and Min Zhou have argued that one of the reasons social capital is so difficult to measure is that it is neither an individual-level nor a group-level phenomenon, but one that emerges across levels of analysis as individuals participate in groups.
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However, the analogy with capital is misleading to the extent that, unlike traditional forms of capital, social capital is not depleted by use, but in fact depleted by non-use ("use it or lose it"). In this respect, it is similar to the now well-established economic concept of human capital.
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Putnam likes to note that joining an organization cuts in half an individual's chance of dying within the next year
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Bonding social capital can also perpetuate sentiments of a certain group, allowing for the bonding of certain individuals together upon a common radical ideal. The strengthening of insular ties can lead to a variety of effects such as ethnic marginalization or social isolation.
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Putnam's study regarding the issue argued that in American areas with a lack of homogeneity, some individuals neither participated in bonding nor bridging social capital. In societies where immigration is high (USA) or where ethnic heterogeneity is high (Eastern Europe), it was found that citizens lacked in both kinds of social capital and were overall far less trusting of others than members of homogenous communities were found to be. Lack of homogeneity led to people withdrawing from even their closest groups and relationships, creating an atomized society as opposed to a cohesive community. These findings challenge previous beliefs that exposure to diversity strengthens social capital, either through bridging social gaps between ethnicities or strengthening in-group bonds.
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collection of social network models that researchers have used over the decades to operationalize social capital. One of the dominant methods is Ronald Burt's constraint measure, which taps into the role of tie strength and group cohesion. Another network based model is network transitivity.
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Hazleton V. & Kennan, W. (2000). Social capital: reconceptualizing the bottom line. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 5 (2), 81-86.
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13 Jun 09
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social contacts affect the productivity of individuals and groups
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12 Jun 09
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24 Feb 09
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09 Feb 09
Dennis WitmerSocial capital is a concept developed in sociology and also used in business, economics, organizational behaviour, political science, public health and natural resources management that refers to connections within and between social networks as well as connections among individuals.
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jack schmidSocial capital is a concept developed in sociology and also used in business, economics, organizational behaviour, political science, public health and natural resources management that refers to connections within and between social networks as well as connections among individuals.
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In The Forms of Capital[15] Pierre Bourdieu distinguishes between three forms of capital: economic capital, cultural capital and social capital. He defines social capital as "the aggregate of the actual or potential resources which are linked to possession of a durable network of more or less institutionalised relationships of mutual acquaintance and recognition".[16] His treatment of the concept is instrumental, focusing on the advantages to possessors of social capital and the “deliberate construction of sociability for the purpose of creating this resource”.[1]
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08 Feb 09
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Mahyar Arefi [7]identifies consensus building as a direct positive indicator of social capital. (2003) Consensus implies “shared interest” and agreement among various actors and stakeholders to induce collective action. Collective action is thus an indicator of increased social capital
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22 Nov 08
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27 Oct 08
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05 Sep 08
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16 Aug 08
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15 Aug 08
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15 Jun 08
Dante-Gabryell MonsonSocial capital is a concept in business, economics, organizational behaviour, political science, public health, sociology and natural resources management that refers to connections within and between social networks.
wikipedia distributed projects Sociology arevoir socialnetworking interdependence autonomy boundaryspanning
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27 May 08
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24 Mar 08
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10 Jan 08
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09 Dec 07
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21 Nov 07
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Social capital and education
Coleman and Hoffer collected quantitative data of 28,000 students in total 1,015 public, Catholic and other private high schools in America from the 7 years’ period from 1980 to 1987.[27] It was found from this longitudinal research that social capital in students' families and communities attributed to the much lower dropout rates in Catholic schools compared with the higher rates in public and non-Catholic private schools. The results also reveal the positive element brought by social capital to the teaching of mathematics and verbal skills in Catholic schools.
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16 Feb 07
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01 Feb 07
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06 Sep 06
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18 Sep 05
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