"In 1994, after our informal paper on Cyberwar Is Coming (1993) had circulated, John Arquilla and I found we had an invitation to propose a formal project on cyberwar or other aspects of information-age conflict. In wondering what to do, I told John I felt unsuited to working on hard-core military matters, Besides, our key hypothesis — the information revolution will favor network forms of organization and unsettle hierarchies — is going to have plenty of effects in non-military areas of conflict affecting national security, such as terrorism, crime, and militancy. Happily for me, John agreed. So I further said we should have a name for it — something to distinguish it from military cyberwar. Thus we started voicing potential catch-words; and to my admiration, John coined “netwar” — the keeper.
As I recall, this discussion lasted about 15 minutes, But it was enough to set in motion our series of RAND reports on The Advent Of Netwar (1996), The Zapatista “Social Netwar” in Mexico (1998), Swarming and the Future of Conflict (2000), and Networks and Netwars: The Future of Terror, Crime, and Militancy (2001), plus an independent paper on “Networks, netwars and the fight for the future” (2001),
Along the way, we also wrote The Emergence of Noopolitik: Toward An American Information Strategy (1999). It concerned the emergence of our planet’s noosphere (“realm of the mind” and “thinking circuit” atop our planet’s geosphere and biosphere, linking all people’s thoughts). It wasn’t focused on netwar, but still pointed out that “Some of the best exemplars of the emergence of noopolitik involve ‘social netwars’ waged by civil-society activists,” for “nonmilitary netwars may prove the archetypal conflicts of noopolitik” (pp. 47–48). Our examples included the Zapatista movement in Mexico (my favorite) and the International Campaign to Ban Landmines (John’s favorite).
RETHINKING SOCIAL NETWAR AS NOÖPOLITICAL NETWAR
Throughout the 1990s and into the 2020s, I remained interested in social netwar. Plenty of cases arose: notably the two just mentioned, plus the Battle of Seattle, Color Revolutions, Arab Spring, and Occupy! movements, not to mention slews of other cases (including MAGA?).
I’m still interested today. But since 2024 I’ve used “noöpolitical netwar” instead of “social netwar” as a descriptor, thereby linking our ideas about the noosphere’s emergence with those about the spread of netwar. This conceptual shift has made increasing sense, since most social netwars are about gaining terrain in people’s “hearts and minds” — they’re more about ideational noopolitics more than physical geopolitics (though the latter still matters as well)."
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