• 这次保密法修订旗帜鲜明地把党管保密写入法律，完善了党管保密的领导体制，明确中央保密工作领导机构领导全国保密工作，研究制定、指导实施国家保密工作战略和重大方针政策，统筹协调国家保密重大事项和重要工作
• 定密制度方面，明确保密事项范围的确定应当遵循必要、合理原则，科学论证评估，并根据情况变化及时调整；完善定密责任人制度和定密授权机制，并对密点标注作出原则性规定，进一步推动定密精准化、科学化。
• 解密制度方面，将国家秘密审核由定期审核修改为每年审核，并明确了未履行解密审核责任造成严重后果的法律责任，进一步压实定密机关、单位解密审核的主体责任。
• 完善了网络信息保密管理制度。一是明确网络信息的制作、复制、发布、传播等各个环节均应当遵守国家保密规定。
• 二是规定网络运营者应当配合有关部门对涉嫌泄露国家秘密案件进行调查处理；发现利用互联网及其他公共信息网络发布的信息涉嫌泄露国家秘密的，应当及时处置报告，并根据要求删除涉及泄露国家秘密的信息，对有关设备进行技术处理等。
• 这次保密法修订加强与数据安全法的协同衔接，新增涉密数据管理及汇聚、关联后涉及国家秘密数据管理的原则规定。
• 进一步强化国家秘密的精准保护，最大限度保障信息资源合理利用。比如，规定保密事项范围制定应当遵循必要、合理原则，要求每年开展国家秘密审核等，进一步推进精准定密、及时解密
• 增加了信息公开保密审查专门条款，建立起信息公开的“安全网”，做到该保守的秘密坚决守住，该公开的信息依法公开。

6 more annotations...

• In an institutionalised system with many decision-makers and a heterogeneous group of legal materials there is a tension between decision-making being relatively predictable for those to whom it will apply and the law being morally improved. In such a context precedent and analogy help to shore up the predictability of decisions whilst leaving room for courts to improve the law.
• They do this in two different ways. Precedents are distinguishable (and subject to overruling), while analogies provide non-conclusive reasons for reaching a particular outcome.
• The success of these compromises depends upon there being a fair measure of background agreement between decision-makers over the important values served by the law—both measures would be too weak in the face of widespread and deep value disagreement.
• A range of mechanisms exist in law that help maintain such a relative consensus: legal education, the working environment, and the selection of candidates for the bench all tend to produce more convergence than is found in the general community.
• an internal feedback element—in deciding cases, courts are aware that their decisions can be distinguished (as well as overruled), and that it is only their ruling that are binding on later courts.

3 more annotations...