"Coleridge on Imagination and Fancy
In Biographia Literaria, Coleridge famously distinguishes between primary imagination, secondary imagination, and fancy:
“The Imagination I consider either as primary, or secondary. The primary Imagination I hold to be the living power and prime agent of all human perception, and as a repetition in the finite mind of the eternal act of creation in the infinite I AM.
The secondary Imagination I consider as an echo of the former, co-existing with the conscious will, yet still as identical with the primary in the kind of its agency, and differing only in degree and in the mode of its operation. It dissolves, diffuses, dissipates, in order to recreate; or where this process is rendered impossible, yet still at all events it struggles to idealize and to unify. It is essentially vital, even as all objects (as objects) are essentially fixed and dead.”
Primary imagination, for Coleridge, is our participation in the creative activity of the divine “I AM” and is responsible for the fact that we can perceive anything at all. Secondary imagination is the conscious echo of that same power, operating with and through our will. It is the power to dissolve and recreate, to idealize and unify.
In contrast, “fancy” is what corresponds to a merely mechanistic and representational understanding of the mind: a shuffling and recombination of sensory data, what Hume and Locke describe when they say there is nothing in the mind that was not first in the senses. Fancy rearranges the already given. Imagination, in the Coleridgean sense, participates in the giving of what is given.
If we read Coleridge through Whitehead, primary imagination corresponds to the primordial creativity at the heart of the world, what Whitehead would call the primordial nature of God. Secondary imagination corresponds to our conscious participation in that creativity. Fancy, meanwhile, fits the role of a purely representational model of mind restricted to the sense-bound intellect.
What Coleridge, Barfield, Steiner, Goethe, and Whitehead are all saying is that imagination is not mere fancy. It is not just a brain mechanism limited to recombining sensory impressions. Rather, imagination is the way the deeper creative ground of the cosmos becomes conscious of itself in and through us. What we experience consciously as imagination is the same formative power that grows plants, shapes bones, and ignites the stars."
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