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self-directed
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Malcolm Knowles
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with differences presenting themselves in regard to the use of the style based on the learning environment
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Malcolm Knowles is the father of andragogy
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direct his or her own learning
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independent self-concept
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reservoir of life experiences
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learning needs closely related to changing social roles
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problem-centered
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problem-centered
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immediate application
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motivated to learn by internal
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learner centered
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involved in the planning and evaluation
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Experience (including mistakes) provides the basis for learning activities
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immediate relevance
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acknowledge prior knowledge and experiences of learners, including their ability to recognize their own skills as lifelong learners
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While the most common reason for adults to place themselves in a learning environment is a life-changing event
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- Life experience (including life altering events that affect cognitive abilities)
- Work experience (including development of thinking patterns based on this experience)
- Positive/negative previous adult learning experiences
- Performance affectors, including cognitive abilities
- Time between learning interactions
- Aging factors
Briefcase may include:
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professional development toolkit for trainers
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basics of design and delivery
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understanding of diverse clients and their different learning styles
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read the context, assess needs, and select or create appropriate mini-learning sessions
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reflective practice skills
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develop activities
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active experiential learning and debriefings
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more than one delivery system
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opportunities for reflection, clarification, and guidance
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learner-centered instruction
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Development of trainers should include demonstrating multiple approaches to delivering the same information.
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action learning is basically the small components that create the main team involved in a learning community
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an approach to working with, and developing people, which uses work on a real project or problem as the way to learn
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small groups or teams
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learning coach works with the group
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Experiential learning is a learning theory that is learner-centered and operates on the premise that individuals learn best by experience. A good way to describe this theory is "learning by doing". Experiential learning thus has the learner directly involved with the material being studied instead of just thinking and talking about that material.
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cyclic process
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Uses participants' own experience and their own reflection about that experience
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allows for the transfer of skills and knowledge
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Involves doing something and discovering what it is like, how it made the learner feel, what it meant to the learner
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addresses the cognitive, emotional and the physical aspect
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13 Sep 12
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16 Jul 12
Doris Reeves-LipscombReviews Malcolm Knowles's five factors involved in adult learning:
--independent self-concept and who can direct his/her own learning
--reservoir of life experiences that is a rich resource for learning
--learning needs closely related to changing social roles
--problem centered and interested in immediate application of knowledge
--motivated to learn by internal rather than external factors
Principles:
--adults need to be involved in the planning and evaluation of their instruction
--experience (including mistakes) provides the basis for learning activities
--adults are most interested in learning about subjects that have immediate relevance to their job or personal life
--adult learning is problem-oriented rather than content oriented.
Bigger excerpt:
Self-Directed Learning
"Informal and incidental learning is at the heart of adult education because of its learner-centered focus and the lessons that can be learned from life experience (Marsick, 2001, p.25)." Self-directed learning in an example of informal learning. It is defined as the process in which individuals take on the responsibility for their own learning process by diagnosing their personal learning needs, setting goals, identifying resources, implementing strategies and evaluating the outcomes. In 1999, more than 95% of adults participated in self-directed learning. Typical learners spend an average of 15 hours per week on a self-directed learning project (Rager, 2003).
There are three categories involved with self-directed learning: the goals, the process, and the learner. In an adult learning context, the goals are generally self-determined, as is the process. Self-directed learning can be enhanced with facilitation, particularly through providing resources. Motivation is key to a successful self-directed learning experience. This is very similar to the motivation that takes place in children during a self-regulated learning experience as mentioned in the Motivation Chapter of the ebook.
Adult Learners are motivated by the opportunity to:
Gain new skills, knowledge, and attitudes to improve their work performance
Improve family life and health, enjoy the arts and physical recreation, participate in a hobby, or simply increase their intellectual capital
Case Study: 183,000 women are diagnosed with breast cancer each year. For many, self-directed learning becomes a means to learn about their condition and provides a method for coping with it. Resources obtained through doctors, support groups, libraries and the Internet facilitate their learning. From this information, the learners gain a sense of control and direction over their own well-being, and are able to make informed decisions about treatment options.
Advantages/Strengths:
Integrated with daily routines
Triggered by an internal or external motivation
An inductive process of reflection and action
Linked to learning of others
Disadvantages/Weaknesses:
Learners are self-directed depending on the situation. They will not necessarily be self-directed in all situations.
Not all adults prefer the self-directed option, and even the adults who practice self-directed learning also engage in more formal educational experiences such as teacher-directed courses.
Because it is unstructured, learners can easily be distracted by their own needs, assumptions, values, and misperceptions.
Research has shown that some adults are unable to engage in self-directed learning because they lack independence, confidence, or resources.
In recent years, less research has been conducted on self-directed learning. -
26 Jun 12
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- Has an independent self-concept and who can direct his or her own learning
- Has accumulated a reservoir of life experiences that is a rich resource for learning
- Has learning needs closely related to changing social roles
- Is problem-centered and interested in immediate application of knowledge
- Is motivated to learn by internal rather than external factors (Merriam, 2001, p.5)
The five assumptions underlying andragogy describe the adult learner as someone who:
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19 Nov 11
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01 Sep 11
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08 Aug 11
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- Has an independent self-concept and who can direct his or her own learning
- Has accumulated a reservoir of life experiences that is a rich resource for learning
- Has learning needs closely related to changing social roles
- Is problem-centered and interested in immediate application of knowledge
- Is motivated to learn by internal rather than external factors (Merriam, 2001, p.5)
The five assumptions underlying andragogy describe the adult learner as someone who:
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The development of the theory simply illustrates that the designer "should involve learners in as many aspects of their education as possible and in the creation of a climate in which they can most fruitfully learn" (Merriam, 2001, p.7). Knowles' main focus with the development of andragogy was the notion of the material being very learner centered and the learner being very self-directed.
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professional development toolkit for trainers should include:
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- Is adult education
- Is learner centered
- Is transformative learning
- Needs to address motivation
- Needs to address technology learning
Professional development of facilitators of adults should promote dialogue, reflection, and quality. The integrative approach to professional development involves key elements (Lawler, 2003).
Professional development:
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"Informal and incidental learning is at the heart of adult education because of its learner-centered focus and the lessons that can be learned from life experience (Marsick, 2001, p.25)." Self-directed learning in an example of informal learning. It is defined as the process in which individuals take on the responsibility for their own learning process by diagnosing their personal learning needs, setting goals, identifying resources, implementing strategies and evaluating the outcomes.
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informal learning process in which an individual takes on the responsibility for his/her learning process by identifying their learning needs, setting goals, finding resources, implementing strategies, and evaluating their results.
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08 Jul 11
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08 Jun 11
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Knowles has acknowledged that the principles he outlined did not apply solely to adult education.
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10 Apr 11
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07 Apr 11
dean groom"King, K.P. & Lawler, P.A. (2003). Trends and issues in the professional development of teachers of adults. New Directions for Adult & Continuing Education, v. 98, p. 5-13. "
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26 Mar 11
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20 Mar 11
Beco ConsultingAdult learning, androgogy, variables and techniques, toolkit for facilitators, training strategies, biography of Malcolm Knowles
adult learning adult learning strategies Malcolm Knowles androgogy learning
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16 Apr 10
Rich Cox"Tell me, and I will forget. Show me, and I may remember. Involve me, and I will understand." Confucius, circa 450 BC
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12 Apr 10
Scott Le DucThere are conflicting perspectives on adult learning as it relates to and separates itself from early childhood development practices and overall approaches to learning. It is the belief of the authors that all styles of learning are applicable to both early childhood and adult learning, with differences presenting themselves in regard to the use of the style based on the learning environment.
Andragogy edtech education ideas instruction learning learningtheory pedagogy school theory training usability users
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25 Mar 09
Eric BrunerCaption: Test your Adult Learning knowledge by playing this Jeopardy game! You will be asked to recall information regarding Adult Learning. Have fun! This Jeopardy game was created by Cliff Garrett and Kristen Garner (2006).
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Click Here to Download PowerPoint Quiz -- Caption: Test your Adult Learning knowledge by playing this Jeopardy game! You will be asked to recall information regarding Adult Learning. Have fun! This Jeopardy game was created by Cliff Garrett and Kristen Garner (2006).
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28 Feb 08
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w
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There are conflicting perspectives on adult learning as it relates
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