Scientific method - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - The Diigo Meta page

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  • The scientific method is an ongoing process, which usually begins with observations about the natural world. Human beings are naturally inquisitive, so they often come up with questions about things they see or hear and often develop ideas (hypotheses) about why things are the way they are. The best hypotheses lead to predictions that can be tested in various ways, including making further observations about nature. In general, the strongest tests of hypotheses come from carefully controlled and replicated experiments that gather empirical data. Depending on how well the tests match the predictions, the original hypothesis may require refinement, alteration, expansion or even rejection. If a particular hypothesis becomes very well supported a general theory may be developed.^[1] The scientific method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or c

  • ntific method as "a method or procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses."^[4]

     

    Although procedures vary from one field of inquiry to another, identifiable features are frequently shared in common between them. The overall process of the scientific method involves making conjectures (hypotheses), deriving predictions from them as logical consequences, and then carrying out experiments based on those predictions.^[5][6] An hypothesis is a conjecture, based on knowledge obtained while formulating the question. The hypothesis might be very specific or it might be broad. Scientists then test hypotheses by conducting experiments. Under modern interpretations, a scientific hypothesis must be falsifiable, implying that it is possible to identify a possible outcome of an experiment that conflicts with predictions deduced from the hypothesis; otherwise, the hypothesis cannot be meaningfully tested.

     

    The purpose of an experiment is to determine whether observations agree with or conflict with the predictions derived from a hypothesis.^[7] Experiments can take place in a college lab, on a kitchen table, at CERN's Large Hadron Collider, at the bottom of an ocean, on Mars, and so on. There are difficulties in a formulaic statement of method, however. Though the scientific method is often presented as a fixed sequence of steps, it represents rather a set of general principles.^[8] Not all steps tak
  • e scientific method is the process by which science is carried out.^[15] As in other areas of inquiry, science (through the scientific method) can build on previous knowledge and develop a more sophisticated understanding of its topics of study over time.^{[16][17][18][19][20][21]} This model can be seen to underlay the scientific revolution.^[22] One thousand years ago, Alhazen argued the importance of forming questions and subsequently testing them,^[23] an approach which was advocated by Galileo in 1638 with the publication of Two New Sciences.^[24] The current method is based on a hypothetico-deductive model^[25] formul

  • riginal conjecture was correct.^[5] There are difficulties in a formulaic statement of method, however. Though the scientific method is often presented as a fixed sequence of steps, they are better considered as general principles.^[26] Not all steps take place in every scientific inquiry (or to the same degree), and are not always in the same order. As noted by William Whewell (1794–1866), "invention, sagacity, [and] genius"^[9] are required at every step.

     

    Formulation of a question

     

    The question can refer to the explanation of a specific observa

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  "The scientific method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge.[1] To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry is commonly based on empirical or measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning.[2] The Oxford English Dictionary defines the scientific method as "a method or procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses."[3]"

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  leroigenkins
  • The scientific method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge.^[1] To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry must be based on empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning.
  • Scientific inquiry is intended to be as objective as possible in order to minimize bias.
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• 30 Oct 12
  

  bschelew

  "The scientific method (or simply scientific method) is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge."

  science

  • The scientific method (or simply scientific method) is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge.
  • a method of inquiry must be based on empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning.
  • consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses."^[3]
  • These steps must be repeatable
  • attempting to reproduce them
  • statistical measures of the reliability

  • A linearized, pragmatic scheme of the four points above is sometimes offered as a guideline for proceeding:^[47]

     
     
    1. Define a question
     
    2. Gather information and resources (observe)
     
    3. Form an explanatory hypothesis
     
    4. Test the hypothesis by performing an experiment and collecting data in a reproducible manner
     
    5. Analyze the data
     
    6. Interpret the data and draw conclusions that serve as a starting point for new hypothesis
     
    7. Publish results
     
    8. Retest (frequently done by other scientists)
  • The writings of Alhazen, Bacon and Descartes are considered critical in the historical development of the modern scientific method, as are those of John Stuart Mill.

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• 17 Sep 12
  

  cayla mitchell

  • cientific method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge.^[1] To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry must be based on empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning.^[2] The Oxford English Dictionary says that scientific method is: "a method or procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses."^[3]

     

    The chief characteristic which distinguishes a scientific method of inquiry from other methods of acquiring knowledge is that scientists seek to let reality speak for itself, supporting a theory when a theory's predictions are confirmed and challenging a theory when its predictions prove false. Although procedures vary from one field of inquiry to another, identifiable features distinguish scientific inquiry from other methods of obtaining knowledge. Scientific researchers propose hypotheses as explanations of phenomena, and design experimental studies to test these hypotheses via predictions which can be derived from them. These steps must be repeatable, to guard against mistake or confusion in any particular experimenter. Theories that encompass wider domains of inquiry may bind many independently derived hypotheses together in a coherent, supportive structure. Theories, in turn, may help form new hypotheses or place groups of hypotheses into context.

     

    Scientific inquiry is generally intended to be as objective as possible in order to reduce biased interpretations of results. Another basic expectation is to document, archive and share all data and methodology so they are available for careful scrutiny by other scientists, giving them the opportunity to verify results by attempting to reproduce them. This practice, called full disclosure, also allows statistical measures of the reliability of these data to be established (when data is sampled or compared to chance).

     

      
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and<br><br/>history of science<a rel="nofollow" class="NavToggle" id="NavToggle7">[show]</a></div><br/><div class="NavContent" style="text-align: center; padding: 2px; margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-size: 90%; height: auto; display: none;"><br/><div><br/><p><b><strong class="selflink">Scientific method</strong></b><br><br/><b><a rel="nofollow" href="/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science">History of science</a></b><br><br/><b><a rel="nofollow" href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Philosophy of science</a></b><br><br/><b><a rel="nofollow" href="/wiki/Science_policy" title="Science policy">Science policy</a></b><br><br/><b><a rel="nofollow" href="/wiki/Fringe_science" title="Fringe science">Fringe science</a></b><br><br/><b><a rel="nofollow" href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></b></p><br/></div><br/></div><br/></div><br/></td><br/></tr><br/><tr><br/><td class="" style="padding: 0pt; line-height: 0.4em;">&nbsp;</td><br/></tr><br/><tr><br/><td class="" style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em; font-weight: bold; border-top: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170);"><a rel="nofollow" href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science Portal</a><br><br/><a rel="nofollow" href="/wiki/Category:Science" title="Category:Science">Category</a></td><br/></tr><br/><tr><br/><td style="text-align: right; padding: 2px; margin: 0px; line-height: normal; font-size: 100%; height: auto;"><br/><div class="noprint plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style=""><br/><ul><br/><li class="nv-view"><a rel="nofollow" href="/wiki/Template:Science" title="Template:Science"><span style="" title="View this template">v</span></a></li><br/><li class="nv-talk"><a rel="nofollow" href="/wiki/Template_talk:Science" title="Template talk:Science"><span style="" title="Discuss this template">t</span></a></li><br/><li class="nv-edit"><a rel="nofollow" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Science&amp;action=edit" class="external text"><span style="" title="Edit this template">e</span></a></li><br/></ul><br/></div><br/></td><br/></tr><br/></tbody></table><br/><p><b>Scientific method</b> is a body of <a rel="nofollow" href="/wiki/Scientific_technique" title="Scientific technique">techniques</a> for investigating <a rel="nofollow" href="/wiki/Phenomenon" title="Phenomenon">phenomena</a>, acquiring new <a rel="nofollow" href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a>, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Goldhaber_2010_page.3D940_0-0"><a rel="nofollow" href="#cite_note-Goldhaber_2010_page.3D940-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry must be based on <a rel="nofollow" href="/wiki/Empirical" title="Empirical">empirical</a> and <a rel="nofollow" href="/wiki/Measurement" title="Measurement">measurable</a> evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a rel="nofollow" href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> The <i><a rel="nofollow" href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> says that scientific method is: "a method or procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of <a rel="nofollow" href="/wiki/Hypothesis" title="Hypothesis">hypotheses</a>."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><a rel="nofollow" href="#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></p><br/><p>The chief characteristic which distinguishes a scientific method of in</p>

  • Scientific method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge.^[1] To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry must be based on empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning.^[2] The Oxford English Dictionary says that scientific method is: "a method or procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses."^[3]

     

    The chief characteristic which distinguishes a scientific method of inquiry from other methods of acquiring knowledge is that scientists seek to let reality speak for itself, supporting a theory when a theory's predictions are confirmed and challenging a theory when its predictions prove false. Although procedures vary from one field of inquiry to another, identifiable features distinguish scientific inquiry from other methods of obtaining knowledge. Scientific researchers propose hypotheses as explanations of phenomena, and design experimental studies to test these hypotheses via predictions which can be derived from them. These steps must be repeatable, to guard against mistake or confusion in any particular experimenter. Theories that encompass wider domains of inquiry may bind many independently derived hypotheses together in a coherent, supportive structure. Theories, in turn, may help form new hypotheses or place groups of hypotheses into context.

     

    Scientific inquiry is generally intended to be

  • Scientific method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge.^[1] To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry must be based on empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning.^[2] The Oxford English Dictionary says that scientific method is: "a method or procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses."^[3]

     

    The chief characteristic which distinguishes a scientific method of inquiry from other methods of acquiring knowledge is that scientists seek to let reality speak for itself, supporting a theory when a theory's predictions are confirmed and challenging a theory when its predictions prove false. Although procedures vary from one field of inquiry to another, identifiable features distinguish scientific inquiry from other methods of obtaining knowledge. Scientific researchers propose hypotheses as explanations of phenomena, and design experimental studies to test these hypotheses via predictions which can be derived from them. These steps must be repeatable, to guard against mistake or confusion in any particular experimenter. Theories that encompass wider domains of inquiry may bind many independently derived hypotheses together in a coherent, supportive structure. Theories, in turn, may help form new hypotheses or place groups of hypotheses into context.

     

    Scientific inquiry is generally intended to be as objective as possible in order to reduce biased interpretations of results. Another basic expectation is to document, archive and share all data and methodology so they are available for careful scrutiny by other scientists, giving them the opportunity to verify results by attempting to reproduce them. This practice, called full disclosure, also allows statistical measures of the reliability of these data to be established (when data is sampled or compared to chance).

  • Scientific method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge.^[1] To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry must be based on empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning.^[2] The Oxford English Dictionary says that scientific method is: "a method or procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses."^[3]

     

    The chief characteristic which distinguishes a scientific method of inquiry from other methods of acquiring knowledge is that scientists seek to let reality speak for itself, supporting a theory when a theory's predictions are confirmed and challenging a theory when its predictions prove false. Although procedures vary from one field of inquiry to another, identifiable features distinguish scientific inquiry from other methods of obtaining knowledge. Scientific researchers propose hypotheses as explanations of phenomena, and design experimental studies to test these hypotheses via predictions which can be derived from them. These steps must be repeatable, to guard against mistake or confusion in any particular experimenter. Theories that encompass wider domains of inquiry may bind many independently derived hypotheses together in a coherent, supportive structure. Theories, in turn, may help form new hypotheses or place groups of hypotheses into context.

     

    Scientific inquiry is generally intended to be as objective as possible in order to reduce biased interpretations of results. Another basic expectation is to document, archive and share all data and methodology so they are available for careful scrutiny by other scientists, giving them the opportunity to verify results by attempting to reproduce them. This practice, called full disclosure, also allows statistical measures of the reliability of these data to be established (when data is sampled or compared to chance).

  • Scientific method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge.^[1] To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry must be based on empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning.^[2] The Oxford English Dictionary says that scientific method is: "a method or procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses."^[3]

     

    The chief characteristic which distinguishes a scientific method of inquiry from other methods of acquiring knowledge is that scientists seek to let reality speak for itself, supporting a theory when a theory's predictions are confirmed and challenging a theory when its predictions prove false. Although procedures vary from one field of inquiry to another, identifiable features distinguish scientific inquiry from other methods of obtaining knowledge. Scientific researchers propose hypotheses as explanations of phenomena, and design experimental studies to test these hypotheses via predictions which can be derived from them. These steps must be repeatable, to guard against mistake or confusion in any particular experimenter. Theories that encompass wider domains of inquiry may bind many independently derived hypotheses together in a coherent, supportive structure. Theories, in turn, may help form new hypotheses or place groups of hypotheses into context.

     

    Scientific inquiry is generally intended to be as objective as possible in order to reduce biased interpretations of results. Another basic expectation is to document, archive and share all data and methodology so they are available for careful scrutiny by other scientists, giving them the opportunity to verify results by attempting to reproduce them. This practice, called full disclosure, also allows statistical measures of the reliability of these data to be established (when data is sampled or compared to chance).

  • Scientific method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge.^[1] To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry must be based on empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning.^[2] The Oxford English Dictionary says that scientific method is: "a method or procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses."^[3]

     

    The chief characteristic which distinguishes a scientific method of inquiry from other methods of acquiring knowledge is that scientists seek to let reality speak for itself, supporting a theory when a theory's predictions are confirmed and challenging a theory when its predictions prove false. Although procedures vary from one field of inquiry to another, identifiable features distinguish scientific inquiry from other methods of obtaining knowledge. Scientific researchers propose hypotheses as explanations of phenomena, and design experimental studies to test these hypotheses via predictions which can be derived from them. These steps must be repeatable, to guard against mistake or confusion in any particular experimenter. Theories that encompass wider domains of inquiry may bind many independently derived hypotheses together in a coherent, supportive structure. Theories, in turn, may help form new hypotheses or place groups of hypotheses into context.

     

    Scientific inquiry is generally intended to be as objective as possible in order to reduce biased interpretations of results. Another basic expectation is to document, archive and share all data and methodology so they are available for careful scrutiny by other scientists, giving them the opportunity to verify results by attempting to reproduce them. This practice, called full disclosure, also allows statistical measures of the reliability of these data to be established (when data is sampled or compared to chance).

     

      

    Contents

  • Scientific method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge.^[1] To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry must be based on empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning.^[2] The Oxford English Dictionary says that scientific method is: "a method or procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses."^[3]

     

    The chief characteristic which distinguishes a scientific method of inquiry from other methods of acquiring knowledge is that scientists seek to let reality speak for itself, supporting a theory when a theory's predictions are confirmed and challenging a theory when its predictions prove false. Although procedures vary from one field of inquiry to another, identifiable features distinguish scientific inquiry from other methods of obtaining knowledge. Scientific researchers propose hypotheses as explanations of phenomena, and design experimental studies to test these hypotheses via predictions which can be derived from them. These steps must be repeatable, to guard against mistake or confusion in any particular experimenter. Theories that encompass wider domains of inquiry may bind many independently derived hypotheses together in a coherent, supportive structure. Theories, in turn, may help form new hypotheses or place groups of hypotheses into context.

     

    Scientific inquiry is generally intended to be as objective as possible in order to reduce biased interpretations of results. Another basic expectation is to document, archive and share all data and methodology so they are available for careful scrutiny by other scientists, giving them the opportunity to verify results by attempting to reproduce them. This practice, called full disclosure, also allows statistical measures of the reliability of these data to be established (when data is sampled or compared to chance).

  • Scientific method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge.^[1] To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry must be based on empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning.^[2] The Oxford English Dictionary says that scientific method is: "a method or procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses."^[3]

     

    The chief characteristic which distinguishes a scientific method of inquiry from other methods of acquiring knowledge is that scientists seek to let reality speak for itself, supporting a theory when a theory's predictions are confirmed and challenging a theory when its predictions prove false. Although procedures vary from one field of inquiry to another, identifiable features distinguish scientific inquiry from other methods of obtaining knowledge. Scientific researchers propose hypotheses as explanations of phenomena, and design experimental studies to test these hypotheses via predictions which can be derived from them. These steps must be repeatable, to guard against mistake or confusion in any particular experimenter. Theories that encompass wider domains of inquiry may bind many independently derived hypotheses together in a coherent, supportive structure. Theories, in turn, may help form new hypotheses or place groups of hypotheses into context.

     

    Scientific inquiry is generally intended to be as objective as possible in order to reduce biased interpretations of results. Another basic expectation is to document, archive and share all data and methodology so they are available for careful scrutiny by other scientists, giving them the opportunity to verify results by attempting to reproduce them. This practice, called full disclosure, also allows statistical measures of the reliability of these data to be established (when data is sampled or compared to chance).
  • cientific method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge.^[1] To be term

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  Lily Donchik
  • Scientific method
  • Scientific method is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge
  • "a method or procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses
  • Although procedures vary from one field of inquiry to another, identifiable features distinguish scientific inquiry from other methods of obtaining knowledge. Scientific researchers propose hypotheses as explanations of phenomena, and design experimental studies to test these hypotheses via predictions which can be derived from them.

  •  

    Scientific inquiry is generally intended to be as objective as possible in order to reduce biased interpretations of results. Another basic expectation is to document, archive and share all data and methodology so they are available for careful scrutiny by other scientists, giving them the opportunity to verify results by attempting to reproduce them. This practice, called full disclosure, also allows statistical measures of the reliability of these data to be established (when data is sampled or compared to chance).

     
       

    Contents   [hide]      1 Overview    1.1 DNA example   1.2 Other components       2 Scientific inquiry    2.1 Properties of scientific inquiry   2.2 Beliefs and biases       3 Elements of scientific method    3.1 Characterizations    3.1.1 Uncertainty   3.1.2 Definition   3.1.3 DNA-characterizations   3.1.4 Another example: precession of Mercury       3.2 Hypothesis development    3.2.1 DNA-hypotheses       3.3 Predictions from the hypothesis    3.3.1 DNA-predictions   3.3.2 Another example: general relativity       3.4 Experiments    3.4.1 DNA-experiments       3.5 Evaluation and improvement    3.5.1 DNA-iterations       3.6 Confirmation       4 Models of scientific inquiry    4.1 Classical model   4.2 Pragmatic model   4.3 Computational approaches       5 Communication and community    5.1 Peer review evaluation   5.2 Documentation and replication    5.2.1 Archiving   5.2.2 Data sharing   5.2.3 Limitations       5.3 Dimensions of practice       6 Philosophy and sociology of science    6.1 Role of chance in discovery       7 History   8 Relationship with mathematics   9 See also    9.1 Problems and issues   9.2 History, philosophy, sociology       10 Notes   11 References   12 Further reading   13 External links
  • Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), 965–1039 Iraq. The Arab scholar who lived during the Islamic golden age is considered by some to be the father of modern scientific methodology.^[4]

  4 more annotations...

• 27 Aug 12
  

  Dana Cummings

  Scientific_Method reading

• 22 Jun 12
  

  Brent Baltzer

  science scientific method lean startup business

  • Formulate a question:
  • Hypothesis: An hypothesis is a conjecture, based on the knowledge obtained while formulating the question, that may explain the observed behavior of a part of our universe.
  • This step involves determining the logical consequences of the hypothesis. One or more predictions are then selected for further testing. The less likely that the prediction would be correct simply by coincidence, the stronger evidence it would be if the prediction were fulfilled; evidence is also stronger if the answer to the prediction is not already known, due to the effects of hindsight bias (see also postdiction).
  • Test:
  • Analysis: This involves determining what the results of the experiment show and deciding on the next actions to take.

  3 more annotations...

• 25 May 12
  

  Lorin Watson

  Mentioned during interviews on May 25, 2012.

  scientific method

  • Scientific method refers to a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge.
  • The Oxford English Dictionary says that scientific method is: "a method or procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses."
  • scientists seek to let reality speak for itself
  • Scientific researchers propose hypotheses as explanations of phenomena, and design experimental studies to test these hypotheses via predictions which can be derived from them.
  • Another basic expectation is to document, archive and share all data and methodology so they are available for careful scrutiny by other scientists, giving them the opportunity to verify results by attempting to reproduce them.

  3 more annotations...

• 11 Mar 12
  

  dobiho .
• 05 Dec 11
  

  Kelly Fitzsimmons Burton
• 30 Nov 11
  

  Dariusz Wozniak

  ideas

• 02 Apr 11
  

  drjpkp

  science scientific method

  • Scientific method refers to a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge.^[
  • Scientific method refers to a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge.^[
  • Scientific method refers to a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge.^[
  • a method of inquiry must be based on gathering observable, empirical and measurable evidence
  • a method of inquiry must be based on gathering observable, empirical and measurable evidence
  • Scientific method refers to a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge.^[1
  • a method of inquiry must be based on gathering observable, empirical and measurable evidence
  • a method of inquiry must be based on gathering observable, empirical and measurable evidence
  • a method of inquiry must be based on gathering observable, empirical and measurable evidence
  • a method of inquiry must be based on gathering observabl
  • Scientific method refers to a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge.
  • Scientific method refers to a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge.
  • Scientific method refers to a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge.
  • Scientific method refers to a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge.
  • body of techniques for investi
  • body of techniques for investi
  • : "a method of procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses
  • identifiable features distinguish scientific inquiry from other methods of obtaining knowledge
  • propose hypotheses as explanations of phenomena
  • design experimental studies to test these hypotheses
  • repeatable
  • document, archive and share all data and methodology s
  • intended to be as objective as possible,
  • allows statistical measures of the reliability
  • full disclosure,
  • on seeking truth:
  • Finding the truth is
  • And those who are engaged upon the quest for anything for its own sake are not interested in other things
  • Truth is sought for its own sake.
  • difficult, and the road to it is rough
  • "light travels through transparent bodies in straight lines only" was corroborated by Alhazen only after years of effort. H

  29 more annotations...

• 25 Mar 11
  

  Gregory Cox
  • body of techniques
  • correcting and integrating previous knowledge
  • investigating
  • identifiable features distinguish scientific inquiry
  • reduce biased interpretations of results
  • careful scrutiny by other scientists

  4 more annotations...

• 

  shackledomen
  • The modern scientific method crystallized no later than in the 17th and 18th centuries. In his work Novum Organum (1620) — a reference to Aristotle's Organon — Francis Bacon outlined a new system of logic to improve upon the old philosophical process of syllogism.^[94] Then, in 1637, René Descartes established the framework for a scientific method's guiding principles in his treatise, Discourse on Method. The writings of Alhazen, Bacon and Descartes are considered critical in the historical development of the modern scientific method, as are those of John Stuart Mill.^[95]
• 27 Feb 11
  

  miss mcdaniel*
  • a method of inquiry must be based on gathering observable, empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning.
• 21 Feb 11
  

  Liz Gallo

  Science Websites wikipedia

• 07 Feb 11
  

  Maa Al-Abdrabbuh

  gain details about scientific methods, its history and what is not considered as a scientific method.

  scientific method wiki

• 12 Sep 10
  

  David Gurteen

  scientific-method

• 02 Sep 10
  

  Matt Cloer
• 23 Aug 10
  

  Ximing Li
• 30 Jul 10
  

  bugejakurt
  • Although procedures vary from one field of inquiry to another, identifiable features distinguish scientific inquiry from other methodologies of knowledge. Scientific researchers propose hypotheses as explanations of phenomena, and design experimental studies to test these hypotheses.
  • s the conviction that the process must be objective to reduce biased interpretations of the results. Another basic expectation is to document, archive and share all data and methodology so they are available for careful scrutiny by other scientists, thereby allowing other researchers the opportunity to verify results by attempting to reproduce them. This practice, called full disclosure, also allows statistical measures of the reliability of these da
• 11 Jun 10
  

  jpkor_
  • Bacon
  • focusing upon both deduction and inductio
  • Peirce put forth the basic schema for hypothesis/testing that continues to prevail tod
  • s, all inferences ever made, including in science, are purely^{[citation needed]} deductive according to Popper's vie

  2 more annotations...

• 02 Jun 10
  

  njdegraaff

  Thesis science research_methods

• 30 May 10
  

  Andy Moore

  science philosophy reference law

• 19 May 10
  

  Prof.Lakshman Madurasinghe

  Scientists Java Congress From Firefox Chrome Bookmarks imported

• 10 May 10
  

  Giorgio Bertini

  learning change

• 11 Apr 10
  

  Jeffrey Raber

  • Scientific method is not a recipe: it requires intelligence, imagination, and creativity.^[34] It is also an ongoing cycle, constantly developing more useful, accurate and comprehensive models and methods. For example, when Einstein developed the Special and General Theories of Relativity, he did not in any way refute or discount Newton's Principia. On the contrary, if the astronomically large, the vanishingly small, and the extremely fast are reduced out from Einstein's theories — all phenomena that Newton could not have observed — Newton's equations remain. Einstein's theories are expansions and refinements of Newton's theories and, thus, increase our confidence in Newton's work.

     

    A linearized, pragmatic scheme of the four points above is sometimes offered as a guideline for proceeding:^[35]

     
     
    1. Define the question
     
    2. Gather information and resources (observe)
     
    3. Form hypothesis
     
    4. Perform experiment and collect data
     
    5. Analyze data
     
    6. Interpret data and draw conclusions that serve as a starting point for new hypothesis
     
    7. Publish results
     
    8. Retest (frequently done by other scientists)
     
     

    The iterative cycle inherent in this step-by-step methodology goes from point 3 to 6 back to 3 again.

  • While this schema outlines a typical hypothesis/testing method,^[36] it should also be noted that a number of philosophers, historians and sociologists of science (perhaps most notably Paul Feyerabend) claim that such descriptions of scientific method have little relation to the ways science is actually practiced.

     

    The "operational" paradigm combines the concepts of operational definition, instrumentalism, and utility:

     

    The essential elements of a scientific method are operations, observations, models, and a utility function for evaluating models.^{[37][not in citation given]}

     
     
    • Operation - Some action done to the system being investigated
     
    • Observation - What happens when the operation is done to the system
     
    • Model - A fact, hypothesis, theory, or the phenomenon itself at a certain moment
     
    • Utility Function - A measure of the usefulness of the model to explain, predict, and control, and of the cost of use of it. One of the elements of any scientific utility function is the refutability of the model. Another is its simplicity, on the Principle of Parsimony also known as Occam's Razor.
• 08 Mar 10
  

  David P

  • Scientific method refers to a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge. To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry must be based on gathering observable, empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning.^[1] A scientific method consists of the collection of data through observation and experimentation, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses.^[2]

     

    Although procedures vary from one field of inquiry to another, identifiable features distinguish scientific inquiry from other methodologies of knowledge. Scientific researchers propose hypotheses as explanations of phenomena, and design experimental studies to test these hypotheses. These steps must be repeatable in order to dependably predict any future results. Theories that encompass wider domains of inquiry may bind many independently-derived hypotheses together in a coherent, supportive structure. This in turn may help form new hypotheses or place groups of hypotheses into context.

     

    Among other facets shared by the various fields of inquiry is the conviction that the process be objective to reduce biased interpretations of the results. Another basic expectation is to document, archive and share all data and methodology so they are available for careful scrutiny by other scientists, thereby allowing other researchers the opportunity to verify results by attempting to reproduce them. This practice, called full disclosure, also allows statistical measures of the reliability of these data to be established.

     

      

    Contents   [hide]
• 21 Jan 10
  

  g womack

  "Scientific method
  refers to a body of
  techniques
  for investigating
  phenomena
  , acquiring new
  knowledge
  , or correcting and integrating previous
  knowledge. To be termed scientific, a method of
  inquiry
  must be based on gathering
  observable
  ,
  empirical
  and
  measurable
  
  evidence
  subject to specific principles of
  reasoning
  .
  [1]
  A
  scientific method consists of the collection of
  data
  through
  observation
  and
  experimentation
  , and the formulation and testing of
  
  hypotheses
  .
  [2]
  
  
  Although procedures vary from one
  field of inquiry
  to another, identifiable
  features distinguish scientific inquiry from other methodologies of knowledge.
  Scientific researchers propose
  hypotheses
  as explanations of phenomena, and design
  
  experimental
  
  studies
  to test these hypotheses. These steps must be
  repeatable in order to dependably predict any future results.
  Theories
  that encompass wider domains of inquiry
  may bind many independently-derived hypotheses together in a coherent,
  supportive structure. This in turn may help form new hypotheses or place groups
  of hypotheses into context.
  
  Among other facets shared by the various fields of inquiry is the conviction
  that the process be
  objective
  to reduce
  biased
  interpretations of the results. Another basic
  expectation is to document,
  archive
  and
  share
  all
  data and
  methodology
  so they
  are available for careful scrutiny by other scientists, thereby allowing other
  researchers the opportunity to verify results by attempting to
  reproduce
  them. This
  practice, called full disclosure, also allows statistical measures of the
  
  reliability
  of these data to be
  established."

  warfare

• 11 Dec 09
  

  Dave

  science research philosophy method

• 21 Nov 09
  

  Formal Play

  mdp research science philosophy reference learning

• 09 Nov 09
  

  science philosophy wikipedia

• 26 Oct 09
  

  Chris inCa

  Scientific method refers to a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge. To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry must be based on gathering observable, empirical and meas

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• 13 Feb 07
  

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  ResearchMethods delicious

• 21 Jan 07
  

  Leon Tolstoy
  • Of course, this does not apply to climatology, where there is no requirement to release data and methodology
• 24 Nov 06
  

  Jinn-Yuh Guh

  medicine RESEARCH

• 03 Sep 06
  

  Bill LaLonde

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• 11 Jan 06
  

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  scied

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  science method wikipedia imported

• 10 Sep 05
  

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• 06 Sep 05
  

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Page Comments

• 
  Leon Tolstoy on 2007-01-21
  That´s a test
  

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