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I then talked about three major initiatives that I am working on with colleagues at IBM, which illustrate this evolution toward complex IT-based systems: cloud computing; globally integrated business systems; and virtual worlds.
Systems can no longer be understood with well defined deterministic principles, but require more statistically oriented approaches - think of the difference between classical mechanics and quantum mechanics. Models of such complex systems require considerable, empirically based approximations - think of the difference between modeling a computer's processing unit and modeling the World Wide Web. Systems become unpredictable and can no longer be viewed as machines that you automate with computers. You need a combination of talented people and real time, information-based tools to deal with such complex, unpredictable systems.
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