Ursharona's List: interesting wiki diseases

• Rett syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder of the grey matter of the brain^[1] that almost exclusively affects females. The clinical features include small hands and feet and a deceleration of the rate of head growth (including microcephaly in some). Repetitive hand movements, such as wringing a

• • caused in tracheoesophageal fistulas (when tubes misconnected) a congenital disease where esophagus and trachea are still connected 
• Polyhydramnios (polyhydramnion, hydramnios, polyhydramnios) is a medical condition describing an excess of amniotic fluid in the amniotic sac. It is seen in 0.2 to 1.6% of pregnancies,^[1][2],.^[3] It is typically diagnosed when the amniotic fluid index (AFI) is greater than 20 cm ( ≥ 20 cm)
• About 50%-60% of cases, the exact cause can not be identified. A single case of polyhydramnios may have one or more causes. About 14% of cases are due to maternal diabetes mellitus, which causes fetal hyperglycemia and resulting polyuria (fetal urine is a major source of amniotic fluid) and also rh

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• The family name of all the herpesviridae is derived from the Greek word herpein ("to creep"),^[77] referring to the latent, recurring infections typical of this group of viruses. Zoster comes from Greek zōstēr, meaning "belt" or "girdle", after the characteristic belt-like dermatomal rash.

• Laminopathies are a group of rare genetic disorders caused by mutations in genes encoding proteins of the nuclear lamina.
• increased research efforts have started to uncover the vital role of nuclear envelope proteins in cell and tissue integrity in animals.
• skeletal and/or cardiac muscular dystrophy, lipodystrophy and diabetes, dysplasia, dermo- or neuropathy, leukodystrophy, and progeria (premature aging). Most of these symptoms develop after birth, typically during childhood or adolescence. Some laminopathies however may lead to an early death, and mutations of lamin B (LMNB1 gene) may be lethal before or at birth
• mutations in the gene coding for lamin A/C
• nuclear envelopathy with the highest frequency in human populations is Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy caused by an X-linked mutation in the EMD gene coding for emerin and affecting an estimated 1 in 100,000 people.
• nuclear lamina appears to be an adaptation to mobility in animals as sessile organisms such as plants or fungi do not have lamins^[4] and the symptoms of many laminopathies include muscle defects.

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• Aflatoxins are naturally occurring mycotoxins that are produced by many species of Aspergillus, a fungus, the most notable ones being Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus.
• among the most carcinogenic substances known
• After entering the body, aflatoxins may be metabolized by the liver to a reactive epoxide intermediate or hydroxylated to become the less harmful aflatoxin M₁.
• High-level aflatoxin exposure produces an acute hepatic necrosis, resulting later in cirrhosis, and/or carcinoma of the liver.
• humans have an extraordinarily high tolerance for aflatoxin exposure and rarely succumb to acute aflatoxicosis.^[
• Children, however, are particularly affected by aflatoxin exposure, which leads to stunted growth and delayed development.
• Chronic exposure also leads to a high risk of developing liver cancer, as aflatoxin metabolite can intercalate into DNA and alkylate the bases through its epoxide moiety.
• his is thought to cause mutations in the p53 gene, an important gene in preventing cell cycle progression when there are DNA mutations, or signaling apoptosis.
• Medical research indicates that a regular diet including apiaceous vegetables such as carrots, parsnips, celery and parsley, reduces the carcinogenic effects of aflatoxin.
• two principal techniques that have been used most often to detect levels of aflatoxin in humans.
• resence of this breakdown product indicates exposure to aflatoxin B1 in the past 24 hours.

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• Human T-lymphotropic virus Type I (HTLV-1) is a human RNA retrovirus that is known to cause a type of cancer, referred to as adult T-cell leukemia and lymphoma, and a demyelinating disease called HTLV-I associated myelopathy/Tropical spastic paraparesis
• HTLV-I is one of a group of closely related primate T lymphotropic viruses (PTLVs). Members of this family that infect humans are called Human T-lymphotropic viruses, and the ones that infect old-world primates are called Simian T-lymphotropic viruses.
• originate from intraspecies transmission of STLVs. The original name for HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, was HTLV-III; this term is no longer in u
• The HTLV-1 genome is diploid, composed of two copies of a single-stranded RNA virus whose genome is copied into a double-stranded DNA form that integrates into the host cell genome, at which point the virus is referred to as a provirus. A closely related virus is bovine leukemia virus BLV

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• endemic variant occurs in equatorial Africa. It is the most common malignancy of children in this area. Children affected with the disease often also had chronic malaria, which is believed to have reduced resistance to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), allowing it to take hold. The disease characteristically involves the jaw or other facial bone, distal ileum, cecum, ovaries, kidney or the breast.
• sporadic type of Burkitt lymphoma (also known as "non-African") is another form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma found outside of Africa. The tumor cells have a similar appearance to the cancer cells of classical African or endemic Burkitt lymphoma. Again it is believed that impaired immunity provides an opening for development of the Epstein-Barr virus. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, which includes Burkitt's, accounts for 30-50% of childhood lymphoma. The jaw is less commonly involved, compared to the endemic variant. The ileo-cecal region is the common site of involvement.
• Immunodeficiency-associated Burkitt lymphoma is usually associated with HIV infection^[3] or occurs in the setting of post-transplant patients who are taking immunosuppressive drugs. Burkitt lymphoma can be one of the diseases associated with the initial manifestation of AIDS.
• Almost by definition, Burkitt's lymphoma is associated with a chromosomal translocation of the c-myc gene. This gene is found at 8q24.

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