Henrik Fu's List: Electronic resource

• double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5" x 11") with 1" margins on all sides. You should use 10-12 pt. Times New Roman font or a similar font.
• Include a page header in the upper right-hand of every page. To create a page header, type the first 2-3 words of the title of the paper, insert five spaces, then give the page number.
• all caps.
• center the word “Abstract” (otherwise unformatted, no bold, italics, underlining, or quotation marks)
• less than 120 words.
• past tense or present perfect tense when using signal phrases to describe earlier research. E.g., Jones (1998) found or Jones (1998) has found...
• If you are referring to an idea from another work but NOT directly quoting the material, or making reference to an entire book, article or other work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference.
• Always capitalize proper nouns
• If you refer to the title of a source within your paper, capitalize all words that are four letters long or greater within the title of a source: Permanence and Change. Exception
• Note: in your References list, only the first word of a title will be capitalized: Writing new media
• capitalize both words in a hyphenated compound word: Natural-Born Cyborgs.
• Capitalize the first word after a dash or colon
• Put quotation marks around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles,
• If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of publication, and the page number for the reference (preceded by "p.").
• f the author is not named in a signal phrase, place the  author's last name, the year of publication, and the page number  in parentheses after the quotation.
• direct quotations longer than 40 words
• Start the quotation on a new line, indented five spaces from the left margin. Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation five spaces from the new margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout. The parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark.

  • Parantesen ska här vid 40 ord, elller längre, komma efter punkt.
• If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference, but APA guidelines encourage you to also provide the page number (although it is not required.)
• Wegener and Petty (1994)
• (Wegener & Petty, 1994)
• (Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, & Harlow, 1993)
• In subsequent citations, only use the first author's last name followed by "et al." in the signal phrase or in parentheses.
• Six or More Authors: Use the first author's name followed by et al.
• If the work does not have an author, cite the source by its title in the signal phrase or use the first word or two in the parentheses.
• If the author is an organization or a government agency, mention the organization in the signal phrase or in the parenthetical citation the first time you cite the source.
• If the organization has a well-known abbreviation, include the abbreviation in brackets the first time
• parenthetical citation includes two or more works, order them the same way they appear in the reference list, separated by a semi-colon.
• Authors With the Same Last Name: To prevent confusion, use first initials with the last names.
• If you have two sources by the same author in the same year, use lower-case letters (a, b, c)
• For interviews, letters, e-mails, and other person-to-person communication, cite the communicators name, the fact that it was personal communication, and the date of the communication
• Do not include personal communication in the reference list.
• If you use a source that was cited in another source, name the original source in your signal phrase. List the secondary source in your reference list and include the secondary source in the parentheses.
• Johnson argued that...(as cited in Smith, 2003, p. 102).
• If possible, cite an electronic document the same as any other document by using the author-date style.
• If no author or date is given, use the title in your signal phrase or the first word or two of the title in the parentheses and use the abbreviation "n.d." (for "no date").
• When an electronic document has numbered paragraphs, use the ¶ symbol, or the abbreviation "para." followed by the paragraph number (Hall, 2001, ¶ 5) or (Hall, 2001, para. 5).
• APA does not recommend the use of footnotes and endnotes because they are often expensive for publishers to reproduce.
• Scientists examined—over several years¹—the fossilized remains of   the wooly-wooly yak.² (These have now been transferred to the   Chauan Museum.³)
• final page of your document (usually this is after the References page)
• Center the word “Footnotes” at the top of the page. Indent five spaces on the first line of each footnote. Then, follow normal paragraph spacing rules. Double-space throughout.
• Content Notes provide supplemental information to your readers. When providing Content Notes, be brief and focus on only one subject. Try to limit your comments to one small paragraph.
• If you quote more than 500 words of published material or think you may be in violation of “Fair Use” copyright laws
• If you are reproducing a graphic, chart, or table, from some other source, you must provide a special note at the bottom of the item that includes copyright information.
• You should also submit written permission along with your work. Begin the citation with “Note.”
• label this page References (with no quotation marks, underlining, etc.), centered at the top of the page. It should be double-spaced just like the rest of your essay.
• All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list should be indented one-half inch from the left margin.
• Authors' names are inverted (last name first); give the last name and initials for all authors of a particular work unless the work has more than six authors.
• If the work has more than six authors, list the first six authors and then use et al. after the sixth author's name to indicate the rest of the authors.
• exact same authors in the exact same order are listed in order by the year of publication
• When referring to any work that is NOT a journal, such as a book, article, or Web page, capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle,
• Capitalize all major words in journal titles.
• Italicize titles of longer works such as books and journals.
• Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles or essays in edited collections.
• Berndt, T. J. (2002). Friendship quality and social development. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11, 7-10.

• Two Authors

   

  List by their last names and initials. Use the ampersand instead of "and."

• Three to Six Authors

   

  List by last names and initials; commas separate author names, while the last author name is preceded again by ampersand.
• Harris, M., Karper, E., Stacks, G., Hoffman, D., DeNiro, R., Cruz, P., et al. (2001). Writing labs and the Hollywood connection. Journal of Film and Writing, 44(3), 213-245.
• When your essay includes parenthetical citations of sources with no author named, use a shortened version of the source's title instead of an author's name
• When an author appears both as a sole author and, in another citation, as the first author of a group, list the one-author entries first.
• References that have the same first author and different second and/or third authors are arranged alphabetically by the last name of the second author,
• Funk, R. & Kolln, M. (1998). Introduction. In E.W. Ludlow (Ed.), Understanding English Grammar (pp. 1-2). Needham, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
• Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number(issue number), pages

  • Denna formatering är värd att använda. Men varför två intialer?

• Article in a Magazine

   

  Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31.
• Unlike other periodicals, p. or pp. precedes page numbers for a newspaper reference in APA style. Single pages take p., e.g., p. B2; multiple pages take pp., e.g., pp. B2, B4 or pp. C1, C3-C4.
• Baumeister, R. F. (1993). Exposing the self-knowledge myth [Review of the book The self-knower: A hero under control ]. Contemporary Psychology, 38, 466-467.

• Basic Format for Books

    

  Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Location: Publisher.

  • Viktig!
• For "Location," you should always list the city, but you should also include the state if the city is unfamiliar or if the city could be confused with one in another state.

• Edited Book, No Author

   

  Duncan, G.J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds.). (1997). Consequences of growing up poor. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

• Edited Book with an Author or Authors

    

  Plath, S. (2000). The unabridged journals (K.V. Kukil, Ed.). New York: Anchor.

• A Translation

    

  Laplace, P. S. (1951). A philosophical essay on probabilities. (F. W. Truscott & F. L. Emory, Trans.). New York: Dover. (Original work published 1814).

• Edition Other Than the First

    

  Helfer, M.E., Keme, R.S., & Drugman, R.D. (1997). The battered child (5th ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

• Article or Chapter in an Edited Book

    

  Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In A. Editor & B. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pages of chapter). Location: Publisher.

• An Entry in An Encyclopedia

    

  Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopedia britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.

• Dissertation Abstract

    

  Yoshida, Y. (2001). Essays in urban transportation (Doctoral dissertation, Boston College, 2001). Dissertation Abstracts International, 62, 7741A.

• Government Document

    

  National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in serious mental illness (DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1679). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

• Conference Proceedings

    

  Schnase, J.L., & Cunnius, E.L. (Eds.). (1995). Proceedings from CSCL '95: The First International Conference on Computer Support for Collaborative Learning. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
• Online articles follow the same guidelines for printed articles.
• Provide a retrieval date only if the information is likely to be updated or changed at a later date (as in the case of blogs and wikis).
• Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Online Periodical, volume number(issue number if available). Retrieved month day, year, (if necessary) from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/
• Bernstein, M. (2002). 10 tips on writing the living Web. A List Apart: For People Who Make Websites, 149. Retrieved May 2, 2006, from http://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliving
• Since online materials can potentially change URL's, APA recommends providing a Digital Object Identifier (DOI), when it is available, as opposed to the URL
• DOI's are an attempt to provide stable, long-lasting links for online articles.
• Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number. doi:0000000/000000000000
• Online scholarly journal articles without a DOI require a URL but do not require a retrieval date
• Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number. Retrieved month day, year, from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/

• If the article appears as a printed version as well, the URL is not required. Use "Electronic version" in brackets after the article's title.

    

  Whitmeyer, J.M. (2000). Power through appointment [Electronic version]. Social Science Research, 29, 535-555.
• Then add information that gives the date of retrieval and the proper name of the database.
• If you only cite an abstract but the full text of the article is also available, cite the online abstract as other online citations, adding "[Abstract]" after the article or source name. If only the abstract is available, write "Abstract retrieved from" and provide the database name or URL.
• Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper. Retrieved http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/
• De Huff, E.W. Taytay’s tales: Traditional Pueblo Indian tales. Retrieved from http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/dehuff/taytay/
  taytay.html
• Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. In Title of book or larger document (chapter or section number). Retrieved month day, year, from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/.
• Online Book Reviews
• In brackets, write "Review of the book" and give the title of the reviewed work.
• Biswas, S. (2008). Dopamine D3 receptor: A neuroprotective treatment target in Parkinson's disease. Retrieved from ProQuest Digital Dissertations. (AAT 3295214)
• Feminism. (n.d.) In Encyclopædia Britannica online. Retrieved March 16, 2008, from http:// www.britannica.com
• United States Department of Housing and Urban Development. Indiana income limits [Data file]. Retrieved from http://www.huduser.org/Datasets/IL/IL08/in_fy2008.pdf
• When citing online lecture notes, be sure to provide the file format in brackets after the lecture title (e.g. PowerPoint slides, Word documen
• E-mails are not included in the list of references, though you parenthetically cite them in your main text: (E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001).

• Online Forum or Discussion Board Posting

    

  Include the title of the message, and the URL of the newsgroup or discussion board
• . If the author's name is not available, provide the screen name
• Frook, B. D. (1999, July 23). New inventions in the cyberworld of toylandia [Msg 25]. Message posted to http://groups.earthlink.com/forum/messages/00025.html

• Blog (Weblog) and Video Blog Post

    

  Include the title of the message and the URL. Please note that titles for items in online communities (e.g. blogs, newsgroups, forums) are not italicized. If the author’s name is not available, provide the screen name.
• Dean, J. (2008, May 7). When the self emerges: Is that me in the mirror? Message posted to http://www.spring.org.uk/
• Please note that the APA Style Guide to Electronic References warns writers that wikis (like Wikipedia, for example) are collaborative projects which cannot guarantee the verifiability or expertise of their entries.

  • Kan man någonsin garantera verifierbarhet?
• OLPC Peru/Arahuay. (n.d.). Retrieved May 1, 2008, from the OLPC Wiki: http://wiki.laptop. org/go/OLPC_Peru/Arahuay
• Audio Podcast
• Video Podcasts
• Producer, P. P. (Producer), & Director, D.D. (Director). (Date of publication). Title of motion picture [Motion picture]. Country of origin: Studio or distributor.
• A literature review is a summary of what the scientific literature says about your  specific topic or question. Often student research in APA fields falls into this category. Your professor might ask you to write this kind of paper to demonstrate your familiarity with work in the field pertinent to the research you hope to conduct.
• In general, you should call people what they prefer to be called, especially when dealing with race and ethnicity.
• you should not use gender terms when they aren't necessary.
• APA does not recommend replacing "he" with "he or she," "she or he," "he/she," "(s)he," "s/he," or alternating between "he" and "she" because these substitutions are awkward and can distract the reader from the point you are trying to make.
• • Rephrase the sentence
   
  • Use plural nouns or plural pronouns - this way you can use "they" or "their"
   
  • Replace the pronoun with an article - instead of "his," use "the"
   
  • Drop the pronoun - many sentences sound fine if you just omit the troublesome "his" from the sentence
   
  • Replace the pronoun with a noun such as "person," "individual," "child," "researcher," etc.
• terms such as "the elderly" or "the amnesiacs," the people lose their individuality. One way to avoid this is to insert an adjective (e.g., "elderly people," "amnesic patients"
• When writing in APA Style, you rarely use the first person point of view ("I studied ...").
• You should use the third person point of view ("The study showed ...) unless you are co-authoring a paper with at least one other person, in which case you can use "we" ("Our finding included ...").
• However, it is a common misconception that foregrounding the research requires using the passive voice ("Experiments have been conducted ..."). This is inaccurate.
• APA Style encourages using the active voice ("We conducted an experiment ..."). The active voice is particularly important in experimental reports, where the subject performing the action should be clearly identified (e.g. "We interviewed ..." vs. "The participants responded ...").
• To clarify this vague hypothesis, use parallel structure to outline specific ideas:
• Use terms like "participants" or "respondents" (rather than "subjects") to indicate how individuals were involved in your research
• Use phrases like "The evidence suggests ..." or "Our study indicates ..." rather than referring to "proof" or "proves" because no single study can prove a theory or hypothesis
• Avoiding Poetic Language
• minimize the amount of figurative language used in an APA paper, such as metaphors and analogies unless they are helpful in conveying a complex idea
• use simple, descriptive adjectives and plain language that does not risk confusing your meaning

• Level 1 Headings Are Centered and Require Standard Capitalization

    

  Level 2 Headings Are Centered and Italicized with Standard Capitalization

    

  Level 3 Headings Are Italicized, Flush-Left with Standard Capitalization

     

  Level 4 headings are indented: only first words and words after colons capitalized; end with a period.Text follows immediately.

    

  LEVEL 5 HEADINGS ARE CENTERED IN ALL CAPS
• For two levels of headings, use Levels 1 and 3.
• For three levels of headings, use Levels 1, 3, and 4.
• For four levels of headings, use Levels 1, 2, 3, and 4.
• For five levels of headings, use Levels 5, 1, 2, 3, and 4.

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