StarShyne 64's List: Children: Health & Safety

• exposed
• exposure pathways
• differ from adults
• pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic
• effects of multiple and cumulative exposures
• Pesticides
• latent or delayed effects
• developmental processes be altered
• adequate animal models for childhood
• models indicate about adverse effects
• ransgenerational effects?
• ethical and cultural consequences
• 1996 launched a Child Health Initiative
• Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR, the agency
• reduce or eliminate illness, disability, and death that result from environmental exposure
• 10 years of public health assessments,
• promoting the environmental health of children
• existing body of knowledge
• coordination with other agencies
• key information gaps,
• HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
• beings in the womb and through puberty can be uniquely vulnerable to environmental toxicants, depending on the substance and the exposure situation. There are several reasons for this different susceptibility.
• chemical injury leads to its greatest effects
• orming the body organs
• Before birth
• via the placenta;
• malformation (teratogenesis)
• After birth,
• greater exposures to environmental toxicants than adults
• eat 3 to 4 (or more) times as much food per pound
• air intake of a resting infant is twice
• Two characteristics of children
• hand-to-mouth behavior
• play activities close to the ground
• low-lying layers in the air,
• exposure pathways
• metabolic pathways
• undergoing rapid growth and development
• nervous system
• developing brain
• lead, mercury, or solvents
• cells is blocked,
• endocrine system
• immune system
• develop chronic diseases
• cardiovascular disease
• carcinogenic and toxic exposures
• Benzene
• Lead
   According
• Mercury
• Nitrates and Nitrites
• Pesticides
• Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
• Trichloroethylene (TCE)
• Triggers of Asthma
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
• National Priorities List (NPL
• (65% 70%) of uncontrolled hazardous waste sites
• most commonly released into environmental
• heavy metals and organic solvents: lead (59% of sites), trichloroethylene (53%), chromium (47%), benzene (46%), and arsenic (45%)
• exposed to trichloroethylene
• Mohawk reservation
• large amounts of  contaminated fish
• exposed to lead
• unicipal waste incinerator

63 more annotations...

• Read the Label FIRST!
• store pesticides
• Keep children and pets away
• When applying insect   repellents
• Never transfer pesticides   to other containers
• reclose   the container
• Get your child tested   for lead
• built before 1978
• Ask about lead when buying or renting
• get   your home tested
• Wash children’s   hands, toys, and bottles often

9 more annotations...

• Lead Contamination Control Act of 1988
• Develop programs and policies
• Educate the public and health-care   providers
• Provide funding to state and local   health
• Support research
• inception in 1990
• 60 childhood lead poisoning prevention  programs
• lead screening plans;
• Medicaid agencies
• Provided training to public health professionals
• formation of collaborative relationships
• Childhood Blood Lead Surveillance System
• states to analyze blood   and environmental samples
• d targeted screening and case management guidelines
• goals of Healthy People 2010 is the elimination of   childhood lead poisoning as a public health problem.
• CDC, HUD, EPA,
• Identification  and control
• dentification  and care for children
• Surveillance  of elevated blood
• further improve childhood lead poisoning prevention
• management of children
• educate public health professional
• identify children at risk
• international leadership
• Assure primary prevention
• Assure timely and appropriate
• Develop or enhance
• Coordinate
• CDC   awarded $31.7 million to 42 state and local health departments

27 more annotations...

• Understanding sexuality helps kids cope with their feelings and with peer pressure.

• anatomy, gender and function of the human body is the foundation of identity
• Sexual health is more than the absence of sexual pathology
• begins in infancy with the attitudes about the physical body communicated by the caretakers
• Sexually permissive cultures
• Sexually supportive cultures
• restrictive and sexually repressive societies
• infancy
• early childhood
• Late childhood
• In pubescence, girls
• In adolescence

9 more annotations...

• Puberty is a time when body changes occur that produce adult sexual characteristics in both the male and the female.
• Hormones are released during puberty that foster physical growth and sexual development

• "reproductive health services,"
• 2002 U.N. General   Assembly
• One side of the   argument supported education about contraception,
• reproductive health services,"   which would allow U.N. workers to teach contraception methods.
• This was in stark   contrast to the idea that the U.N. should be telling people not to have   sex altogether,
• People who support   abstinence believe contraception education encourages sexual activity.
• include differences on "cultural and traditional" practices.

5 more annotations...

• The panel identified overweight  as a BMI > 25 to less than (<) 30, and  obesity as a BMI > 30.
• About two-thirds of U.S.  adults are overweight or obese.[6]
• Approximately 17.5 percent of  children (age 6 to 11) and 17 percent of  adolescents (age 12 to 19) were overweight in 2001  to 2004.[6]
• increase in mortality rates associated with  obesity
• 50-percent increased risk of death from all  causes
• What is the cost of overweight and  obesity?
• Only 26 percent of U.S.  adults engage in vigorous leisure-time physical  activity three or more times per week
• In addition to helping  control weight, physical activity decreases the  risk of dying from coronary heart disease and  reduces the risk of developing diabetes,  hypertension, and colon cancer

6 more annotations...

• Food on the Run is designed to strengthen youth’s skills to increase access to healthy food and physical activity options in their school and communities.
• Successful Students through Healthy Food Policies  seeks to educate school board members about the link between healthy eating and academic performance to encourage them to adopt school district nutrition policies
• Huesos Fuertes, Familia Saludable (Strong Bones, Healthy Family) encourages lifestyle behaviors that promote bone health for Latino mothers and their children as a way to reduce their risk of osteoporosis

1 more annotation...

• In 1999, 13% of children aged 6 to 11 years and 14% of adolescents aged 12 to 19 years in the United States were overweight.
• tripled for adolescents in the past 2 decades.
• heart disease, such as high cholesterol and high blood pressure
• 2 diabetes,
• 70% chance of becoming overweight or obese adults.
• some forms of cancer
• immediate consequence of overweight as perceived by the children themselves is social discrimination.
• lack of physical activity, unhealthy eating patterns, or a combination of the two
• 43% of adolescents watch more than 2 hours of television each day
• especially girls
• Body Mass Index (BMI) can be calculated from measurements of height and weight.
• "growth chart"
• ocus on your child's health and positive qualities,
• Be physically active.
• Plan family activities
• when hungry and to eat slowly.
• cut down on the amount of fat and calories
• drink water and to limit intake of beverages with added sugars,
• at-free or low-fat milk, fresh fruit, and vegetables
• 5 servings of fruits and vegetables each day
• "grow into" their weight
• lifelong effort.

20 more annotations...