• • Only things about help he here = = 6/12
    
    Bibliography:
    How to protect yourself against nuclear radiation [online]. Available from: http://home.iae.nl/users/lightnet/health/radiation.htm [Accessed 16 March 2009].

• The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were nuclear attacks near the end of World War II against the Empire of Japan by the United States at the executive order of U.S. President Harry S. Truman on August 6 and 9, 1945.
• The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were nuclear attacks near the end of World War II against the Empire of Japan by the United States at the executive order of U.S. President Harry S. Truman on August 6 and 9, 1945.
• Little Boy" was dropped on the city of Hiroshima on Monday,^[1] August 6, 1945
• followed on August 9 by the detonation of the "Fat Man" nuclear bomb over Nagasaki.
• The bombs killed as many as 140,000 people in Hiroshima and 80,000 in Nagasaki by the end of 1945
• Since then, thousands more have died from injuries or illness attributed to exposure to radiation released by the bombs
• According to most estimates, the immediate effects of the blast killed approximately 70,000 people in Hiroshima. Estimates of total deaths by the end of 1945 from burns, radiation and related disease, the effects of which were aggravated by lack of medical resources, range from 90,000 to 140,000
• Some estimates state up to 200,000 had died by 1950, due to cancer and other long-term effects
• rom 1950 to 1990, roughly 9% of the cancer and leukemia deaths among bomb survivors was due to radiation from the bombs

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• • Noah's Ark: Nuclear Radiation Effects on the Human Body [online]. Avaible from: http://standeyo.com/News_Files/NBC/radiation.human.body.html [Accessed 16 March 2009].
• 
    The probability of death increases to 100% within one to two 2000 rad weeks. The initial symptoms appear immediately. A few days later, things get very bad, very quickly since the gastrointestinal system is destroyed. Once the GI system ceases to function, nothing can be done, and medical care is for comfort only

• 5-20      Possible late effects; possible chromosomal damage
• 20-100      Temporary reduction in white blood cells.
• 100-200      Mild radiation sickness within a few hours: vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue; reduction in resistance to infection. 
• 200-300      Serious radiation sickness effects as in 100-200 rem and hemorrhage; exposure is a Lethal Dose to 10-35% of the population after 30 days (LD 10-35/30).        300-400      Serious radiation sickness; also marrow and intestine destruction; LD 50-70/30.        400-1000      Acute illness, early death; LD 60-95/30.        1000-5000      Acute illness, early death in days; LD 100/10. 

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• The losing of hair quickly and in clumps occurs with radiation exposure at 200 rems or higher
• radiation kills nerve cells and small blood vessels, and can cause seizures and immediate death.
• In sufficient amounts, radioactive iodine can destroy all or part of the thyroid.
• The thyroid gland is susceptible to radioactive iodine.
• When a person is exposed to around 100 rems, the blood's lymphocyte cell count will be reduced, leaving the victim more susceptible to infection.
• Early symptoms of radiation sickness mimic those of flu and may go unnoticed unless a blood count is done
• According to data from Hiroshima and Nagaski, show that symptoms may persist for up to 10 years and may also have an increased long-term risk for leukemia and lymphoma
• Intense exposure to radioactive material at 1,000 to 5,000 rems would do immediate damage to small blood vessels and probably cause heart failure and death directly.
• Radiation damage to the intestinal tract lining will cause nausea, bloody vomiting and diarrhea.
• This is occurs when the victim's exposure is 200 rems or more. The radiation will begin to destroy the cells in the body that divide rapidly. These including blood, GI tract, reproductive and hair cells, and harms their DNA and RNA of surviving cells.
• Because reproductive tract cells divide rapidly, these areas of the body can be damaged at rem levels as low as 200. Long-term, some radiation sickness victims will become sterile.

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• Effects of nuclear explosions on human health
• the initial stage
• intermediate stage
• late period
• delayed period
• ionizing radiation from fallout can cause genetic effects, birth defects, cancer cataracts and other effects in organs and tissue.

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• HIGHLIGHTS: Ionizing radiation,   like heat and light, is a form of energy. It includes   particles and rays given off by radioactive material,   stars, and high-voltage equipment. Most of it occurs naturally   and some is produced by human activities. At very high   doses, ionizing radiation can cause illness or death.   Any dose could possibly cause cancer, after a several-year   delay. It is not known how many of the 1,517 National   Priorities List sites identified by the Environmental   Protection Agency give off ionizing radiation above background   levels.
• What   is ionizing radiation
• Ionizing radiation is any one of several   types of particles and rays given off by radioactive material,   high-voltage equipment, nuclear reactions, and stars. The   types that are normally important to your health are alpha   particles, beta particles, x rays, and gamma rays.
• What   happens to ionizing radiation when it enters the environment?
• How   might I be exposed to ionizing radiation?
• How   can ionizing radiation affect my health?
• How   likely is ionizing radiation to cause cancer?
• How   does ionizing radiation affect children?
• How   can families reduce the risk of exposure to ionizing radiation?

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• • Ionizing electromagnetic radiation:  
     
    • Television receivers
     
    • Accelerators
     
    • X-ray machines (industrial, medical, research, educational)  
     
     
• Particulate radiation and ionizing electromagnetic radiation:    
   
  • Electron microscopes
   
  • Neutron generators
• Ultraviolet:  
   
  • Biochemical and medical analyzers
   
  • Tanning and therapeutic lamps
   
  • Sanitizing and sterilizing devices
   
  • Black light sources
   
  • Welding equipment

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• Ionizing Radiation 

   

  Ionization is the ejection of one or more electrons from  an atom or molecule to produce a fragment with a net positive  charge (positive ion). The classification of radiation as  "ionizing" is essentially a statement that it has enough quantum energy to eject an electron. This is a crucial distinction, since "ionizing radiation" can produce a number of physiological effects, such as those associated with risk of mutation or cancer, which non-ionizing radiation cannot directly produce at any intensity.

  Comparison with non-ionizing radiation

    

  The mechanisms of interaction for ionizing radiation in the form of x-rays and gamma-rays include the photoelectric effect, Compton scattering and at high enough energies, electron positron pair production. 

  Although the precise ionization energy differs with the atom or molecule involved, a general statement is any radiation with quantum energy above a few electron volts is considered to be ionizing radiation. The threshold for ionization lies somewhere in the ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum, so all x-rays and gamma-rays are ionizing radiation. All forms of nuclear radiation are also ionizing radiation because of their extremely high energies.

• Ionizing Radiation

   

  Examples include: ultra violet, x-ray, gamma ray, damages DNA, medical x-rays, and isotopes.