"Iraq invades Kuwait." History.com. A&E Television Networks, 2011. Web. 1 May 2012.
Sharon McKay's List: Saddam Hussein Invades Kuwait in 1990
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May 01, 12
Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait in 1990 was a time of extreme tension throughout the Arab and Western world. Due to the Iran Iraq war of 1980-88, Iraq owed huge debts to other Arab countries. Saddam Hussein, the leader of Iraq, believed that Kuwait was Iraq’s 19th province, and that it rightfully belonged to him. Moreover, Kuwait was pumping too much oil, causing oil prices to fall, thus making it more difficult for Iraq to pay all of its debts. After Iraq invaded Kuwait, the US was worried that it would lead to the invasion of Saudi Arabia, thus the involvement of outside nations commenced.
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May 01, 12
-Saddam invades Kuwait in August, 1990.
-Saddam tried to tweak the war to try and make it an Arab-Israeli conflict; The PLO and Jordan sided with the Iraqis.
-The US voted to go to war unless Saddam Hussein got his troops out of Kuwait.
Saddam invaded Kuwait because:
-After the Iraq-Iran war, Saddam had a debt of $80 billion, half of which he owed to Saudi Arabia.
-Kuwait was pumping too much oil, causing oil prices to fall; making it even more difficult for Iraq to pay back their debts.
-Saddam felt Kuwait was Iraq's 19th province.
-Saddam felt that the British had no right to grant Kuwait independence in 1961.
-Kuwait had the 4th largest oil reserve of any country.
-Some saw Saddam as a 'modern day Robin Hood' - not all the Arab states have the oil wealth the Gulf states have.
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At about 2 a.m. local time, Iraqi forces invade Kuwait, Iraq's tiny, oil-rich neighbor. Kuwait's defense forces were rapidly overwhelmed, and those that were not destroyed retreated to Saudi Arabia.
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Saddam Hussein invades Kuwait in August, 1990. Kuwait is oil-rich, which is one of the reasons why Hussein wanted to invade it. Kuwait was defenseless and its troops retreated to Saudi Arabia.
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within hours Kuwait City had been captured and the Iraqis had established a provincial government. By annexing Kuwait, Iraq gained control of 20 percent of the world's oil reserves and, for the first time, a substantial coastline on the Persian Gulf. The same day, the United Nations Security Council unanimously denounced the invasion and demanded Iraq's immediate withdrawal from Kuwait. On August 6, the Security Council imposed a worldwide ban on trade with Iraq.
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"Iraq invades Kuwait." History.com. A&E Television Networks, 2011. Web. 1 May 2012.
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Iraq was able to establish a provincial government after annexing Kuwait. Iraq gained access to Kuwait's oil reserve, and were able to occupy the larger coastline on the Persian Gulf. The United Nations and the USA feared that this invasion would then lead to Saudi Arabia being invaded as well; therefore the UN demanded Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait, and imposed a worldwide ban on trade with Iraq.
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Iraq had long considered Kuwait to be a part of Iraq.
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Roger A. Lee and History Guy Media, . "The Persian Gulf War (1990-1991)." . N.p., n.d. Web. 1 May 2012.
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Iraq considered Kuwait as it's 19th province.
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it can be argued that with Saddam Hussein's attempted invasion of Iran defeated, he sought easier conquests against his weak southern neighbors.
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Roger A. Lee and History Guy Media, . "The Persian Gulf War (1990-1991)." . N.p., n.d. Web. 1 May 2012.
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Due to Hussein not being able to invade Iran, it is arguable to say that he was perhaps trying to invade a weaker country instead.
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-Saddam Hussein invading Kuwait in 1990, led to the US and UN involvement.
-The US voted to go to war unless Saddam Hussein got his troops out of Kuwait.
-It led to Operation Desert Shield in 1990.
-It led to Operation Desert Storm in 1991.
-There were half a million troops in the Gulf (mostly American).
-Air campaign began on January 17, 1991.
-February 24, 1991: Ground attack begins.
-Lasts 100 hours and Kuwait is liberated on February 27th, 1991.
-As the war was over, Iraq had to get rid of all its WMD.
-Iraq had to accept cease-fire terms:
-Saddam would admit UN inspectors to ensure there were no WMD.
-"No-fly" zones were set up to protect the Kurds in the north and the Shias in the south.
This war indirectly caused the Iraq war in 2003:
-On October 11, 2002 the US congress passed the war resolution for a "pre-emptive" strike against Iraq.
-George W. Bush wanted to invade Iraq to kill Saddam Hussein and to attempt to discover nuclear weapons, which he did not find.
-The "Coalition of the Willing" were those for the "pre-emptive" strike.
-France, Germany, Russia, and China opposed the war.
-March 19, 2003: "Operation Iraqi Freedom".
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May 01, 12
"Persian Gulf War of 1991 was fought in early 1991 between Iraq and a coalition of 39 countries organized mainly by the United States and the United Nations." & "A number of coalition members sent troops to Saudi Arabia to protect it from its possible attack."
-After feeling threatened that Iraq would attempt to invade Saudi Arabia after Kuwait, George H. W. Bush and other world leaders began an anti-Iraq coalition, which included: Afghanistan, Argentina, Bangladesh, Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Honduras, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Niger, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States, Bahrain, Egypt, Kuwait, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, and the United Arab Emirates.
"After quickly gaining control of Kuwait, Iraq moved large numbers of troops to Kuwait's border with Saudi Arabia, triggering fears that Iraq would invade Saudi Arabia next."
- The US feared that by invading Kuwait, Iraq would soon try to invade Saudi Arabia; hence why the US commenced operation desert shield, to protect Saudi Arabia from invasion.
"On January 17, 1991, after months of pressuring Iraq to leave Kuwait, the coalition began bombarding Iraqi military and industrial targets."
-Start of operation Desert Storm; Iraq wouldn't send back its troops from Kuwait, therefore the coalition had to take action.
"Hussein claimed that, as a leader of the Arab world, Iraq should receive help from other Arab countries in rebuilding its economy. According to Hussein, Iraq needed help from OPEC in raising world oil prices, and Iraq needed Kuwait and other Arab countries to cancel debts that Iraq had incurred to fight the Iran-Iraq War."
-After the Iran-Iraq war from 1980-88, Iraq owed huge debts to other Arab countries, and its economy had suffered. He believed that since he saved all the other Arab countries from Iran, that the debts should be cancelled, and that other Arab countries should respect him more.
"[Hussein] sought better access to the Persian Gulf. Iraq's Gulf coastline was short. Kuwait's was much longer and included an excellent harbor. In addition, Hussein probably hoped that an invasion would keep Iraq's military occupied and so send a series of attempts by the military to force him out of power."
-One of the reasons Hussein wanted to invade Kuwait was to gain Kuwaits long coastline and harbor. Also he wanted to keep his military busy in order to prevent from him being over thrown.
"Many Arabs, particularly poor Arabs and Palestinians, supported the Iraqi invasion. Hussein became a hero to them by confronting Israel and the United States. He gained additional support from poor Arabs by calling for the redistribution of the vast wealth of Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and certain other Arab oil-exporting countries."
-Hussein gained support from Arab peasants by promising shared wealth.
-He also gained support from Arabs who opposed Israel, for Hussein confronted Israel and the United States.
"the council gave coalition members permission to 'to use all necessary means' to expel Iraq from Kuwait if Iraq did not withdraw by January 15, 1991. Iraq chose to stay in Kuwait."
-The UN implied that they would send troops in Iraq and start war if Iraqi troops chose to stay in Kuwait, which they did.
"After more than five weeks of heavy bombing, Iraq still refused to withdraw. The allies then started a major ground attack against Iraqi forces." & "The air war began at 3am on January 19, 1991. The coalition aimed first to destroy Iraq's ability to launch attacks. Other goals included eliminating Iraq's biological, chemical, and nuclear weapons facilities."
-Iraq refused to withdraw troops even after five weeks of being bombed.
-Air war began jan. 19, 1991.
-Coalition tried to find and destroy Iraq's nuclear weapons, and to stop them from launching attacks.
"Iraq accepted the terms of a formal cease-fire agreement on April 6. On April 11, the UN Security Council officially declared an end to the war. In the agreement, Iraq promised to pay Kuwait for war damages. Iraq also agreed to destroy all its biological and chemical weapons."
- The war officially ended on April 11, 1991.
-Iraq was forced to accept terms of a cease-fire agrement, which including paying war damages to Kuwait, and getting rid of weapons.
-Iraq resisted complying with the terms of the cease-fire agreement.
World Book, Inc. The World Book encyclopedia. Chicago: World Book, 2005. Print. (Page 300).
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May 01, 12
Saddam Hussein’s invasion of Kuwait led to the US’s involvement in Iraq. Although Iraq was easily defeated by UN forces, Saddam Hussein’s unwillingness to not completely follow the terms of the cease-fire, caused great tensions between the US and Iraq. Consequently, this lead to the Iraq War of 2003, and George W. Bush’s “pre-emptive” strike. Without this invasion, The US and Iraq’s relation may have turned out completely different.
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