that led to the establishment of new official churches—the Lutheran, the Reformed or Calvinist, and the Anglican.
The Protestant Reformation affected patterns of change in Europe through Protestant theology's shifting theological emphases, through Protestant piety's emphasis on reading and knowledge, and through new alignments between organized churches and politics.
historians today speak of multiple Reformations during the first two-thirds of the 1500s—the Protestant, the Radical, and the Catholic; the urban, the peasants', and the princely; or the German, French, and British.
we must approach the Reformation by looking carefully at the spiritual aspirations, the cultural frameworks, and the material circumstances of the people whose lives it transformed.
printed edition of the New Testament in Greek, together with a new Latin translation that changed the meaning of several key passages
sought to reform church organization, to purify religious practice, and to intensify individual piety.
They faced the challenge of rebuilding territorial church organization in a way that reflected the new teachings while taking account of social and political pressures.
This required both gaining legal recognition for their faith and establishing a clearer definition of what they believed. Luther and his key supporter Philipp Melanchthon drew up a comprehensive statement of Lutheran principles, the Augsburg Confession of 1530, and published new catechisms to instruct the laity.