Sarahsteff's List: Holocaust Research Paper

• The first category consists of experiments aimed at facilitating the survival of Axis military personnel
• Dachau, physicians from the German air force and from the German Experimental Institution for Aviation conducted high-altitude experiments, using a low-pressure chamber, to determine the maximum altitude from which crews of damaged aircraft could parachute to safety.
• freezing experiments using prisoners to find an effective treatment for hypothermia.
• used prisoners to test various methods of making seawater potable.
• The second category of experimentation aimed at developing and testing pharmaceuticals and treatment methods for injuries and illnesses which German military and occupation personnel encountered in the field.
• f Sachsenhausen, Dachau, Natzweiler, Buchenwald, and Neuengamme, scientists tested immunization compounds and sera for the prevention and treatment of contagious diseases, including malaria, typhus, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, yellow fever, and infectious hepatitis.
• The third category of medical experimentation sought to advance the racial and ideological tenets of the Nazi worldview.
• most infamous were the experiments of Josef Mengele at Auschwitz.
• Mengele conducted medical experiments on twins.
• sterilization experiments, undertaken primarily at Auschwitz and Ravensbrueck.
• scientists tested a number of methods in their effort to develop an efficient and inexpensive procedure for the mass sterilization of Jews, Roma, and other groups

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• • Freezing / Hypothermia
  • Genetics
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Interrogation and Torture
  • Killing / Genocide
  • High Altitude
  • Pharmacological
  • Sterilization
  • Surgery
  • Traumatic Injuries

• Marc  Berkowitz and  his twin sister Francesca were two of Mengele’s victims.  Arriving at Auschwitz from Czechoslovakia in March 1944 with their  mother, 12-year-old Marc and his twin sister, Francesca, were singled  out by Mengele for medical experimentation
• Years  later, Marc Berkowitz still suffered from pains due to the injections.
• Despite international efforts to track him down, Josef  Mengele was never apprehended and lived for 35 years hiding under  various aliases. He lived in Paraguay and Brazil until his death in  1979
• One afternoon, living in Brazil, he went for a swim. While in the ocean  he suffered a massive stroke and began to drown. By the time he was  dragged to shore, he was dead.

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• Nazi doctors conducted as many as 30 different types of experiments on concentration-camp inmates
• • High altitude 
  • Freezing 
  • Sulfanilamide 
  • Twins 
  • Poison 
  • Tuberculosis 
  • Phosgene 
  • Bone, muscle, and joint transplantation 
  • Sterilization 
  • Artificial insemination 
  • Seawater

• Eva Mozes Kor and her identical twin, Miriam Mozes, survived the deadly genetic experiments conducted by The Angel of Death, Josef Mengele, in the deathcamp Auschwitz during 1944-1945
• twins as young as five and six years of age were usually murdered after the experiment was over and their bodies dissected.
• "uncle Mengele" injected chemicals into the eyes of children in an attempt to change their eye color. He made experimental surgeries performed without anesthesia, transfusions of blood from one twin to another, isolation endurance, reaction to various stimuli.
• He made injections with lethal germs, sex change operations, the removal of organs and limbs
• Eva later recalled how she and her family arrived at the Auschwitz railhead:

• 'When the doors to our cattle car opened, I heard SS soldiers yelling, "Schnell! Schnell!", and ordering everybody out. My mother grabbed Miriam and me by the hand. She was always trying to protect us because we were the youngest. Everything was moving very fast, and as I looked around, I noticed my father and my two older sisters were gone. As I clutched my mother’s hand, an SS man hurried by shouting, "Twins! Twins!" He stopped to look at us. Miriam and I looked very much alike. "Are they twins?" he asked my mother. "Is that good?" she replied. He nodded yes. "They are twins," she said. 

   

  Once the SS guard knew we were twins, Miriam and I were taken away from our mother, without any warning or explanation. Our screams fell on deaf ears. I remember looking back and seeing my mother's arms stretched out in despair as we were led away by a soldier. That was the last time I saw her .."
• "The first time I went to use the latrine located at the end of the children's barrack, I was greeted by the scattered corpses of several children lying on the ground. I think that image will stay with me forever. It was there that I made a silent pledge - a vow to make sure that Miriam and I didn't end up on that filthy floor."
• "I was given five injections. That evening I developed extremely high fever. I was trembling. My arms and my legs were swollen, huge size. Mengele and Dr. Konig and three other doctors came in the next morning. They looked at my fever chart, and Dr. Mengele said, laughingly, 'Too bad, she is so young. She has only two weeks to live .."
• Eva later recalled how a set of Gypsy twins was brought back from Mengele's lab after they were sewn back to back. Mengele had attempted to create a Siamese twin by connecting blood vessels and organs. The twins screamed day and night until gangrene set in, and after three days, they died ...
• The Mengele twins never wore striped camp uniforms. They were Mengele's favorite subjects, and they were afforded special treatment, such as being able to keep their own hair and clothing, and receiving extra food rations. As long as they stayed healthy and useful to Mengele, they would be kept alive.
• Eva suffered from miscarriages and tuberculosis. Her son had cancer
• Miriam's kidneys never fully developed and she died in 1993 of a rare form of cancer, probably brought on by the unknown medical experiments and injections which she was subjected to at the hands of Josef Mengele.
• As adults, Eva and Miriam suffered serious health problems

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