David McCullough
Historical writer
David McCullough | |
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David McCullough speaking at Emory University, on April 25, 2007 |
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Born | David Gaub McCullough July 7, 1933 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S. |
Occupation | Historian, author |
Nationality | American |
Period | 1968 – present |
Genres | History |
Notable work(s) | The Path Between the Seas (1977), Truman (1992),John Adams (2001) |
Spouse(s) | Rosalee Ingram Barnes McCullough (1954 – present) |
Children | Five |
David Gaub McCullough (/məˈkʌlə/; born July 7, 1933) is an American author, narrator, historian, andlecturer.[2] He is a two-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Award and a recipient of thePresidential Medal of Freedom, the United States' highest civilian award.[2][3]
Born and raised in Pittsburgh, McCullough earned a degree in English literature from Yale University. His first book was The Johnstown Flood (1968); and he has since written eight more on such topics as Harry S Truman, John Adams, and the Brooklyn Bridge. McCullough has also narrated multiple documentaries, as well as the 2003 film Seabiscuit; and he hosted American Experience for twelve years.
McCullough's two Pulitzer Prize-winning books, Truman and John Adams, have been adapted by HBO into a TV film and a mini-series, respectively. McCullough's most recent history, The Greater Journey (2011), is about Americans in Paris from the 1830s to the 1900s.
Woodworking with Diego de Assis 6 of 7 |
Shop-made Thread Cutting Tools for Wood by Diego de Assis |
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A little vaseline in the hole makes this go more smoothly. With the internal threads cut, the next step is to locate the position of the cutter precisely in the main body. The tap can be a help in this, by positioning the cutting edge in the groove of its threads. If the cutter is not seated correctly, it can be adjusted with the screws that hold it in place. André Roubo shows three screws for this purpose, but I found that only two screws were needed. Roy Underhill suggests a better way - an “L”-shaped bolt tightened by a nut on the outside of the main body. In addition to the slots in the main body for the cutter and the channel for shavings to escape, recesses are cut in the underside of the guide plate to accommodate the heads of the screws that secure the cutter. With the cutter in place the tool is tested and adjusted as necessary. Finally the optional curves are cut on the ends of the box with a bandsaw, and the screwbox is smoothed and edges relieved. With the tools ready, let’s put them to use. |
Woodworking with Diego de Assis1 of 7
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Shop-made Thread Cutting Tools for Wood by Diego de Assis |
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Diego de Assis |
To make threaded screws and nuts of wood a set of two tools is needed: the die, for cutting external (male) threads, and the tap, for cutting internal (female) threads. |
In Brazil manual tap and die sets are only available for metal or PVC tubing, which are not appropriate for use with wood. I have experimented with several alternatives, but none was satisfactory. With wood, dies made for metal leave fragile threads prone to breaking. A common threaded nut can be made to work as a die, as shown on some videos available on the Internet, but they are not as practical as they might seem. So I turned to old methods, and to the masters, including Roy Underhill, who, in addition to his fantastic videos, describes how to make these tools in his book The Woodwright's Workbook. Another important source is André Roubo’s Le Menuisier Ébéniste, which was published in 1774 and has a perfect description of these thread cutters, along with a beautiful engraved illustration. [Plate 311-trans.] And to understand the secrets of hardening and tempering metal parts I went to Alexander Weygers. His book The Complete Modern Blacksmithshows how to make metal both hard and strong, using simple and available techniques. Following these and other references I describe in this article how to make manual tap and screwbox set as an inexpensive alternative, using scraps and available supplies, and as efficient as those made centuries ago. |
Woodworking with Diego de Assis 4 of 7 |
Shop-made Thread Cutting Tools for Wood by Diego de Assis |
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Heat treating – hardening the steel
With the piece in the desired shape, I set up the torch and heated it again to the non-magnetic cherry-red point, then quickly quenched in water. In this experiment I used a water quench with no problem. Oil can also be used for quenching, which causes a “softer” thermic shock. The interior of the metal will be less brittle, and thus more durable. A water quench could lead to tiny cracks, if the structure of the metal cannot hold up to the thermic shock. In this condition the metal is hard and as brittle as glass, with a coating of slag. Tempering the metal The next step is to polish the metal, so that the spectrum of colors is visible during the tempering process. After polishing I again apply heat to the piece, this time carefully and paying attention to the color spectrum that appears as the metal heats up. The flame should be applied to the opposite end from the intended cutting edge, so that the spectrum “travels” toward that end. The reheating, or tempering, will leave the metal sufficiently hard to hold an edge. The metal is “relaxed” a little by this process. This is the most delicate step, because if the heat goes past the desired color, the whole process has to be done over from the beginning. The color spectrum gives an approximate indication of the temperature: the highest temperature, nearest the heat source, is light blue, about 640°F. Each color of the spectrum corresponds to a specific hardness of the steel. In the case of the cutter for this screwbox I let the area of the cutting edge approach “peacock” or almost purple, around 540°F. This is the color recommended for delicate cutting tools, such as small gouges. As soon as the edge reaches this shade I again quickly quench the piece in water. Now the cutter is ready for final sharpening. Mastering the tempering of metal with these rudimentary techniques involves some trial-and-error experience, and close observation. As Alexander Weigers comments in his book The Complete Modern Blacksmith, “. . . the advantage of making one’s own tools is knowing that the next one will be even better!”. |
Woodworking with Diego de Assis 5 of 7 |
Shop-made Thread Cutting Tools for Wood by Diego de Assis |
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The Screwbox
Following the dimensions provided in Le Menuisier Ébéniste, I simplified the design somewhat, leaving out some details such as the turned handles and the decoration on the opening for the workpiece. The bolt I used to make the tap has eight threads per inch. For metal bolts that is a coarse pitch (pitch measures the distance between the peaks of the adjacent threads). For threaded parts that need to move a lot and are in constant use, such as the screw of a bench vise, a very coarse pitch is preferable (fewer threads per inch). And with wooden screws another reason for a coarse pitch is that thicker threads will hold up better. Hard woods should be used for these parts, as with softer woods the internal threads could wear away. Woods such as Jatobá, Tauari, Peroba-de-campos, Ipê, and Roxinho are excellent for making the screwbox. I used Jatobá (Hymenaea courbaril), which is hard and very versatile. The screwbox has two parts: a lid or guide plate, which secures the cutter and guides the round stock at the beginning of the cut, and the main body. After the block is cut to dimensions the guide plate is cut away. The two parts are then put back together and secured with two screws on diagonal corners (placing the screws in line with the grain could split the wood). Then the hole in the lid is bored, with a chip drill, auger, or Forstner bit, marking the desired depth with a bit of masking tape. I used a 1” chip drill. The first cut should go through the lid, with the tip or lead screw going into the main body to mark the center. The bit is then changed to a smaller size, 7/8” in this example, and the smaller hole is bored through the main body. The difference in the diameter of the holes is exactly the difference between the two bits – 1/8” in this case. Once the hole has been bored the internal threads are cut in the main body. |
Woodworking with Diego de Assis |
Shop-made Thread Cutting Tools for Wood by Diego de Assis |
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First tool: the tap
To cut the internal threads of the die, you first make the tap. I made mine of an ordinary steel bolt 1” in diameter, with a pitch of 8 threads per inch. The cutting teeth were quickly shaped with the edge of an angle grinder. The bolt is wrapped in masking tape and marked into quarters with a felt tipped marker. For a better cutting shape, the channels along these lines are cut out with a slight angle, or hook toward the direction of the intended cut, as shown in the following image of the end of the bolt. Next, to remove the burrs left by the grinder, the bolt is smoothed with emery cloth or fine sandpaper, directed counterclockwise, or opposite the direction it will cut, tapering the diameter somewhat toward the tip. This eases the edge leading into the cutting channel, while sharpening the cutting tips, and helps avoid damaging the threads as the tap is removed. I drilled a hole in the head of the bolt to receive another smaller bolt that serves as a handle for increased leverage in use. When drilling, it’s necessary to use plenty of oil to draw heat away and reduce wear on the drill bit. The die: shaping the cutter Inside the screwbox is a blade ground to a “V” shape, a small cutter which cuts the male threads, transforming round stock into a screw. This cutter should be of high carbon steel, which can be hardened and tempered so that it will retain a sharp edge. Low carbon steels cannot be adequately tempered, although they can be hardened by a surface application of carbon. |
CENTER GAUGE
Lay Out Large Mortise and Tenons With Ease w/the Limited Edition Woodpeckers® One-Time Tools MTXL Center Gauge Monster Mortise and Tenons Up to 1½" Thick. If you build with heavier timbers when making outdoor projects or custom doors for your home, our new MTXL Center Gauge is the perfect layout tool. You’ll get dead center layouts every time on material up to 6” thick. It’s ideal for interior and exterior doors and smaller scale timber framing projects like sheds, decks, arbors, pergolas and other fancy garden structures. Our New MTXL Center Gauge. Need More Options? Choose Your Mortise and Tenon Thicknesses. Changing the thickness of your mortise and tenon layout is fast and easy. Like the parallel arms, the center bar is held in place by two, specially machined, stainless steel screws with knurled heads. Just take them out and switch to the center bar width you want. Mark Dead Center Every Time. Each center bar has a precision-machined 1mm tapered hole centered on the bar’s width. Use this feature to mark the exact center of stock with either a scribe tool or mechanical pencil. Reliably finding the center of stock is essential in a variety of layout work. Quality You Can Trust. The first time you hold the MTXL Center Gauge you’ll sense the quality of the tool. Its heft and the silky smooth action of the parallel arm movement say quality. The tool comes in a sturdy storage case lined with custom cut foam. Deadline to place your order is Monday, January 6, 2013. Delivery is scheduled for April, 2014. However, the actual ship date will depend of volume. Woodpeckers will only make enough One Time Tools to fill orders placed prior to production. Once the deadline passes, One-Time Tools are retired. |
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Norman Rockwell
Norman Rockwell – The Baby Carriage (1916)
The Saturday Evening Post (May 20, 1916) - Curtis Publishing Company
Norman Rockwell – Perpetual Motion (1920)
Popular Science, Vol.97, No.4 (October 1920), Bonnier Corp. New York
Norman Rockwell – Lands of Enchantment (1923)
The Saturday Evening Post (Nov. 10, 1923) - Curtis Publishing Company
Norman Rockwell – The Old Sign Painter (1926)
The Saturday Evening Post (Feb. 6, 1926) - Curtis Publishing Company
Norman Rockwell – Doctor and Doll (1929)
The Saturday Evening Post (Mar. 9, 1929) - Curtis Publishing Company
Norman Rockwell – The Barbershop Quartet (1936)
The Saturday Evening Post (Sep. 26, 1936) - Curtis Publishing Company
Norman Rockwell – Knuckles Down (1939)
The Saturday Evening Post (Sep. 2, 1939) - Curtis Publishing Company
Norman Rockwell – The Willie Gillis Series
Norman Rockwell – Willie Gillis at the U.S.O. (1942)
The Saturday Evening Post (Feb. 7, 1942) - Curtis Publishing Company
Norman Rockwell – Willie Gillis on KP (1942)
The Saturday Evening Post (Apr. 11, 1942) - Curtis Publishing Company
Norman Rockwell – Willie Gillis in Church (1942)
The Saturday Evening Post (Jul. 25, 1942) - Curtis Publishing Company
Norman Rockwell – Double Trouble for Willie Gillis (1942)
The Saturday Evening Post (Sep. 5, 1942) - Curtis Publishing Company
Norman Rockwell – Willie Gillis and the Fighting Gillisies (1944)
The Saturday Evening Post (Sep. 16, 1944) - Curtis Publishing Company
Norman Rockwell – Willie Gillis in College (1946)
The Saturday Evening Post (Oct. 5. 1946) - Curtis Publishing Company
Norman Rockwell – The 'Four Freedoms'
Norman Rockwell – The 'Four Freedoms': Freedom of Worship (1943)
The Saturday Evening Post (Feb. 20, 1943) - Curtis Publishing Company
Norman Rockwell – The 'Four Freedoms': Freedom of Speech (1943)
The Saturday Evening Post (Feb. 20, 1943) - Curtis Publishing Company
Norman Rockwell – The 'Four Freedoms': Freedom from Want (1943)
The Saturday Evening Post (Feb. 20, 1943) - Curtis Publishing Company
Norman Rockwell – The 'Four Freedoms': Freedom from Fear (1943)
The Saturday Evening Post (Feb. 20, 1943) - Curtis Publishing Company
Norman Rockwell – Rosie the Riveter (1943)
The Saturday Evening Post (May 29, 1943) - Curtis Publishing Company
Norman Rockwell – The Tatooist (1944)
The Saturday Evening Post (Mar. 4, 1944) - Curtis Publishing Company
Norman Rockwell – The Homecoming (1945)
The Saturday Evening Post (Oct. 13. 1945) - Curtis Publishing Company
Norman Rockwell – Yankee Doodle (1946)
Princeton, The Nassau Inn
Norman Rockwell – The Gossips (1948)
The Saturday Evening Post (Mar. 6, 1948) - Curtis Publishing Company
Norman Rockwell – Saying Grace (1951)
The Saturday Evening Post (Nov. 24, 1951) - Curtis Publishing Company
Norman Rockwell – The Girl with the Black Eye (1953)
The Saturday Evening Post (May 23, 1953) - Curtis Publishing Company
Norman Rockwell – Soda Jerk (1953)
The Saturday Evening Post (Aug. 22, 1953) - Curtis Publishing Company
Norman Rockwell – On My Honor (1953)
Norman Rockwell – Girl at the Mirror (1954)
The Saturday Evening Post (Mar. 6, 1954) - Curtis Publishing Company
Norman Rockwell – Breaking Home Ties (1954)
The Saturday Evening Post (Sep. 25, 1954) - Curtis Publishing Company
Norman Rockwell – Marriage License (1955)
The Saturday Evening Post (Jun. 11, 1955) - Curtis Publishing Company
Norman Rockwell – "Happy Birthday, Miss Jones" (1956)
The Saturday Evening Post (Mar. 17, 1956) - Curtis Publishing Company
Norman Rockwell – After the Prom (1957)
The Saturday Evening Post (May 25, 1957) - Curtis Publishing Company
Norman Rockwell – Before the Shot (1958)
The Saturday Evening Post (Mar. 15, 1958) - Curtis Publishing Company
Norman Rockwell – Runaway (1958)
The Saturday Evening Post (Sep. 20, 1958) - Curtis Publishing Company
Norman Rockwell – Triple Self Portrait (1960)
The Saturday Evening Post (Feb. 13, 1960) - Curtis Publishing Company
Norman Rockwell – The Golden Rule (1961)
The Saturday Evening Post (Apr. 1, 1961) - Curtis Publishing Company
Norman Rockwell – The Problems We All Share (1964)
LOOK Magazine - January 14, 1964
CONDOLENCES
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/words-of-condolence-sympathy-messages-and-sayings.html
http://condolencemessage.org/
http://www.poemsource.com/sympathy-poems.html
http://www.wfdconnect.com/free-resources/finding-the-right-words-using-sympathy-poems-and-quotations/
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