Piyadanok's List: Exercise

• For many purposes, tinplate has been replaced by galvanised (zinc-coated) vessels, though not for cooking as zinc is toxic. Zinc protects iron electrolytically, that is, the zinc will oxidize and turn to a white powder to preserve the iron, whereas tin will only protect the iron if the tin-surface remains unbroken.

• Boron (B), the second hardest element, is the only allotropic element in  Group 13.
• carbon and tin
• Tin is a relatively low melting (232°C) material that exists in two  allotropic forms at room temperature and pressure,     α    -Sn (gray tin) and     β    -Sn (white tin).     α    -Sn is the stable form below 13°C and has the diamond structure  (Figure 3a). White, or     β    -Sn is metallic and has a distorted close-packed lattice.
• phosphorus and       arsenic      .
• oxygen, sulfur, and  selenium.

3 more annotations...

• Unlike iron(II) oxides, iron(III) oxides are not passivating because these materials do not adhere to the bulk metal.

• (Tin by itself resists corrosion because of the oxide layer on its surface. If used to coat other metals, tin's corrosion-preventing properties become compromised when its surface is damaged. For example, the corrosion-prone steel of a "tin can" will quickly rust when its thin tin coat is punctured.)