Hanlon, Bernadette (2008). "The Decline of Older, Inner Suburbs in Metropolitan America. Housing Policy Debate." 19(3), 423-456.
Abstract:
"This article develops an index of suburban decline for 3,428 U.S. suburbs. The results of this index were used to measure the prevalence and extent of decline for older, inner suburbs and newer suburbs across the nation and in different regions from 1980 to 2000. The general pattern is one of decline in selected older, inner suburbs, especially those with housing built between 1950 and 1969 and those with increasing minority populations.
Regional analysis reveals that the South and the Midwest had the highest proportion of older, inner suburbs in crisis. Suburbs with housing built before 1939 emerged as areas of continuing affluence."
Keating, W. Dennis and Thomas Bier (2008). "Greater Cleveland's First Suburbs Consortium: Fighting Sprawl and Suburban Decline." Housing Policy Debate. 19(3), 457-477.
Abstract:
"This article addresses the problems of older suburbs bordering central cities; these suburbs are now experiencing many of the same symptoms of decline as the central cities themselves. We analyze this issue by recounting the experience of the inner (or first) suburbs of Cleveland and the First Suburbs Consortium (FSC), which was formed in 1997 to counteract sprawl in the metropolitan region. We analyze the impact of FSC both on its suburban members and also on state policies affecting older suburbs.
FSC can point to several programs that it has developed to improve housing and commercial development among its 16 members. It also has joined with other similar Ohio suburbs to advocate and to lobby for changes in state policies (so far unsuccessfully) to provide more assistance to older suburbs. Nevertheless, FSC has been recognized as a national role model."
Beauregard, Robert A. 2003. Voices of decline: The Postwar fate of U.S. cities. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge.
"Freely crossing disciplinary boundaries, this book uses the words of those who witnessed the cities' distress to portray the postwar discourse on urban decline in the United States. Up-dated and substantially re-written in stronger historical terms, this new edition explores how public debates about the fate of cities drew from and contributed to the choices made by households, investors, and governments as they created and negotiated America's changing urban landscape."
Kühn, Manfred & Heike Liebmann (2007). "Strategies for Urban Regeneration - The Transformation of Cities in Northern England and Eastern Germany." Restructuring Eastern Germany. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Available at: http://www.springerlink.com/content/g273215603gtg568/
Bontje, M. (2004). "Facing the challenge of shrinking cities in East Germany: The case of Leipzig." GeoJournal. 61, 13-21.
Abstract:
"In the early 20th century, the East German city of Leipzig seemed well on its way to become a metropolis of international importance. The city was expected to grow towards over one million inhabitants in 2000. Seventy years later, Leipzig's population has shrunk to less than 500,000 inhabitants instead. The German partition after World War II took away most of its national administrative and economic functions and much of its hinterland. The socialist GDR regime worsened the long-term development perspectives and living circumstances of the city. The German reunification brought new development chances, but like most East German cities, Leipzig's hopes soon became disappointed. The local politicians faced a difficult redevelopment task: apart from the question how to revive the local and regional economy, they also had to deal with a housing vacancy rate of 20%, a huge need for renovation in the older neighbourhoods as well as in the socialist high-rise areas, the negative effects of urban sprawl on the city core, and various environmental pollution problems. After briefly describing the development path of Leipzig until the 1990s, the paper will discuss the current attempts of the city government to give Leipzig a more positive post-industrial future. On the one hand, Leipzig is developing a strategy to 'downsize' the city's built environment and infrastructure to adapt to a probably lastingly smaller population. On the other hand, many growth instruments well known from the international scientific and political debate are tried to put Leipzig back on the (inter)national map. The paper will discuss these development strategies in the light of the international debate on the question 'how to fight the shrinking city', with specific attention for post-socialist cities."
Beauregard, R. (2003). "Aberrant Cities: Urban Population Loss in the United States, 1820-1930." Urban Geography. 24 (8), 672-690.
Abstract:
"Our understanding of population loss from U.S. cities draws primarily from the fate of industrial centers in the decades following World War II. Quite numerous, those cities cast off residents at unprecedented and sustained rates. Prior to this time, few large cities had ended a decade smaller in population size than they began. In order to broaden and deepen our knowledge of why some cities and not others lose population, this paper analyzes cities that shed population in the 19th century. Using Census data and capsule stories developed from city biographies, the paper explores both contextuating and precipitating factors. These findings subsequently become the basis for reflecting anew on urban decline since the mid-20th century."
Hudnut, William H. 2008. Changing Metropolitan America: Planning for a Sustainable Future. Washington, D.C.: Urban Land Institute.
"Providing expert insight into the ways the nation's metropolitan areas are changing, this book explores the land use issues that affect quality of life and makes recommendations for reducing sprawl and dependence on cars, encouraging sustainability, investing in infrastructure, and addressing other issues such as workforce housing availability, shopping, and leadership in land use."
Hudnut, William H. 1998. Cities on the rebound: A Vision of urban America. Washington, D.C.: Urban Land Institute.
Summary:
"In Cities on the Rebound, Hudnut draws on his past experience as mayor of Indianapolis to describe his vision for dealing with diversity, encouraging sustainable development, finding alternatives to sprawl, managing technological change, regional collaboration, improving government efficiency, and more."
Vey, Jennifer S. 2007. "Restoring Prosperity: The State Role in Revitalizing America's Older Industrial cities." Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Metropolitan Policy Program.
Summary:
"Across the country, cities today are becoming more attractive to certain segments of society. Meanwhile, economic trends-globalization, the demand for educated workers, the increasing role of universities-are providing cities with an unprecedented chance to capitalize upon their economic advantages and regain their competitive edge.
Many cities have exploited these assets to their advantage; the moment is ripe for older industrial cities to follow suit. But to do so, these cities need thoughtful and broad-based approaches to foster prosperity.
"Restoring Prosperity" aims to mobilize governors and legislative leaders, as well as local constituencies, behind an asset-oriented agenda for reinvigorating the market in the nation's older industrial cities. The report begins with identifications and descriptions of these cities-and the economic, demographic, and policy "drivers" behind their current condition-then makes a case for why the moment is ripe for advancing urban reform, and offers a five-part agenda and organizing plan to achieve it."
Rosenthal, Stuart S. 2008. "Old homes, externalities, and poor neighborhoods. A model of urban decline and renewal". Journal of Urban Economics. 63 (3): 816.
Abstract:
"This paper investigates urban decline and renewal in the United States using three panels that follow neighborhoods on a geographically consistent basis over extended periods of time. Findings indicate that change in neighborhood economic status is common, averaging roughly 13 percent per decade; roughly two-thirds of neighborhoods studied in 1950 were of quite different economic status fifty years later. Panel unit root tests for 35 MSAs indicate that neighborhood economic status is a stationary process, consistent with long-running cycles of decline and renewal. In Philadelphia County, a complete cycle appears to last up to 100 years. Aging housing stocks and redevelopment contribute to these patterns, as do local externalities associated with social interactions. Lower-income neighborhoods appear to be especially sensitive to the presence of individuals that provide social capital. Many of the factors that drive change at the local level have large and policy relevant effects."
Popper, Deborah, and Frank J. Popper. 2002. "Small can be Beautiful". Planning. 17 (2): 262-331.
Wiechmann, Thorsten (2008). Errors Expected - Aligning Urban Strategy with Demographic Uncertainty in Shrinking Cities. International Planning Studies, 13(4), 431-446.
Abstract:
"At the beginning of the 21st century, the majority of Europe's cities experienced a population decrease. Dealing with the results of demographic, economic and physical contraction processes and planning for the future of considerably smaller but nevertheless livable cities presents some of the most challenging tasks for urban Europe in the near future. This article highlights the example of Dresden in Eastern Germany, where the breakdown of the state-directed economy caused economic decline, industrial regression, and high unemployment rates. Due to out migration and decreasing birth rates, the city lost 60,000 of its 500,000 residents within one decade. As a consequence, there were housing and office vacancies as well as infrastructure oversupplies. Yet the administrative system was still directed towards growth objectives throughout the 1990s. Only after 2000 this situation changed dramatically. The new strategic plan for Dresden is no longer growth oriented. Instead, it focuses on a model of the compact 'European city', with an attractive urban centre, reduced land consumption, and a stable population. However, in another unexpected turn of events, within the last seven years the city has experienced an unexpected growth of 25,000 residents. Surprisingly, processes of suburbanization have turned into processes of reurbanization. Today in Dresden, areas of shrinkage and decline are in close proximity to prospering and wealthy communities. The strategic challenge is to deal with this patchwork while accepting that the future remains unpredictable. Hence, strategic flexibility becomes more important than the strategy itself. To a certain extent rational analysis and error prevention is displaced by preparedness, robustness, and resilience as key qualifications of planning in shrinking cities."
Hollander, Pamela W. and Hollander, Justin B. (2008) "Activist Literacy in Shrinking Cities: Lessons for Urban Education," Language Arts Journal of Michigan: Vol. 24: Iss. 1, Article 9.
Available at: http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/lajm/vol24/iss1/9
Fullilove, Mindy Thompson, M.D. "Psychiatric Implications of Displacement: Contributions from the Psychology of Place." The American Journal of Psychiatry, 1996: 1516- 1523.
OBJECTIVE: "The purpose of this article is to describe the psychological processes that are affected by geographic displacement. METHOD: The literature from the fields of geography, psychology, anthropology, and psychiatry was reviewed to develop a "psychology of place" and to determine the manner in which place-related psychological processes are affected by upheaval in the environment. RESULTS: The psychology of place is an emerging area of research that explores the connection between individuals and their intimate environments. The psychology of place posits that individuals require a "good enough" environment in which to live. They are linked to that environment through three key psychological processes: attachment, familiarity, and identity. Place attachment, which parallels, but is distinct from, attachment to person, is a mutual caretaking bond between a person and a beloved place. Familiarity refers to the processes by which people develop detailed cognitive knowledge of their environs. Place identity is concerned with the extraction of a sense of self based on the places in which one passes one's life. Each of these psychological processes- attachment, familiarity, and place identity-is threatened by displacement, and the problems of nostalgia, disorientation, and alienation may ensue. CONCLUSIONS: As a result of war, decolonization, epidemics, natural disasters, and other disruptive events, millions of people are currently displaced from their homes. Protecting and restoring their mental health pose urgent problems for the mental health community."
Follain, James R., PhD. "A Study of Real Estate Markets in Declining Cities." 1-84. Washington, D.C: Research Institute for Housing America of the Mortgage Bankers Association, 2010.
From Executive Summary:
"The "Great Recession" of 2007 to 2009 has taken a great toll on housing markets in most cities and metropolitan areas in all parts of the country. Though the pace and extent of the overall economic recovery of these markets is still far from certain, many places will likely resume growth and fully recover within the next decade or so. This is almost certainly not to be the case for all metropolitan areas. In fact, a number of large metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) experienced severe recessions during the latter half of the 20th century and prior to the Great Recession and never fully recovered or took many years to do so. Even among those metro areas with relatively bright long-run prospects for growth, certain submarkets within them may remain well below recent house price peaks for many years to come.
What is a declining city? Simply put, a declining city is one in which the people have left, but the houses, apartment buildings, offices and storefronts remain. At the extreme, think of a ghost town from the Old West, a town that lost its reason for being. Are there cities or large metro areas in the United States at risk of disappearing back into the desert (or the swamp) today? Probably not, but there are certainly neighborhoods and submarkets within metro areas that have passed a tipping point,
and have little prospect of returning to anything close to their previous peaks. Lastly, another type of declining city may also be emerging - places that grew substantially during the housing boom and are now experiencing unprecedented declines in house prices and increases in foreclosures.
The primary goal of this paper is to offer insights on the potential future evolution of real estate markets in cities that are in the midst of a severe and persistent economic decline. Through a review of a massive and interdisciplinary body of prior research, analysis of new empirical evidence on the experiences of many large U.S. metro areas over the past 40 years and a focus on the experiences of seven large metro areas since 2000, including during the Great Recession, I seek answers to three questions:
* Question 1: What happens to real estate values in declining cities, especially those areas that
have experienced substantial and persistent declines in population and employment?
Executive summar y
8 A Study of Real Estate Markets in Declining Cities
© Research Institute for Housing America December 2010. All rights reserved.
* Question 2: What is the range of experience for neighborhoods within declining cities?
* Question 3: Do we know enough to be able to confidently predict which neighborhoods are
most likely to experience the severe and persistent declines?
The answers to these questions are based upon review of the literature and new empirical analysis. Several different sources of data are utilized in order to highlight some of the challenges and opportunities for future or additional empirical work in this field of inquiry. Of particular interest for the last two questions is the incidence of extreme outcomes that threaten the long-term viability of neighborhoods or submarkets within declining cities."
Vidal, Avis. “Can Anchor Institutions Save Midtown Detroit: Early Evidence from ‘15x 15’ Initiative.” Paper to be presented at the annual conference for the Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning, Salt Lake City, Utah, October 13-16, 2011.
VIDAL, Avis [Wayne State University] a.vidal@wayne.edu
Paper Abstract: Anchor institutions in distressed urban neighborhoods have become increasingly visible as agents of neighborhood improvement. The University of Pennsylvania is probably the best known example of such an anchor institution, but is by no means alone. As early as the 1950s, universities like the University of Chicago and Yale decided to make significant investments in their surroundings to keep them safe and attractive to mainly white students as the cities around them became increasingly black and poor. More recently, universities as varied as University of Illinois at Chicago, Trinity College, Howard University, and University of Southern California have committed to major investment programs. These institutions are attracting partners – including city governments and major foundations – who see them as key entries in the “short list” of major employers that are committed to remaining in the city and dependent on improved neighborhood environments to compete successfully. The Ford Foundation, the Casey Foundation, the Cleveland Foundation, and CEOs for Cities are prominent among the supporters of what many have labeled the “eds and meds” strategy.
This approach has now found its way to Detroit at a critical time in the City’s history. Faced with massive abandonment and vast tracts of vacant land that the City cannot afford to serve, Mayor Dave Bing has launched the Detroit Works Project, which seeks to identify neighborhoods that can survive and thrive despite the wrenching economic restructuring facing the region and provide incentives to consolidate housing and investment in those neighborhoods. One such neighborhood is Midtown, home to Wayne State University, the Detroit Medical Center, and Henry Ford Health System, as well as to a host of major cultural institutions. The three lead anchors have launched the “15x15” initiative, which aims to bring 15,000 educated young people to live in the neighborhood by 2015. While the initiative was announced in 2009, recent receipt of matching funds from local foundations has stimulated each of the three anchors to create an attractive and well- publicized package of incentives to entice employees and students to live in the surrounding community.
This paper will examine this initiative and assess its early performance. It will be based on interviews with key staff of the anchors institutions involved, their funders and advisors, realtors and developers with whom they have been working, and a sample of early participants. Key issues include whether the funds are fully subscribed (including the incentives to new home purchasers), how many individuals and households are affected, who takes advantage of the program, and whether the incentives are adequate to stimulate rental or purchase of market-rate dwellings.
References
David C. Perry and Wim Wiewel, eds. The University as Urban Developer: Case Studies and Analysis. (M.E.Sharpe, 2005).
Judith Rodin. The University and Urban Revival: Out of the Ivory Tower and Into the Streets. (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007).
Kim, Joongsub. “Role of Contemporary Urbanisms in a Shrinking Cities Syndrome.” Paper to be presented at the annual conference for the Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning, Salt Lake City, Utah, October 13-16, 2011.
KIM, Joongsub [Lawrence Technological University] jkim@ltu.edu
Paper Abstract: The shrinking cities syndrome is a worldwide phenomenon impacting major cities, but especially cities in the United States, Japan, and Europe. Suburbanization, declining urban populations, and the decline of the manufacturing industries are among the major factors contributing to this phenomenon. As the shrinking cities syndrome has swept over cities around the world over the last few decades, several urbanisms or urban theories have been emerging. Proponents of these emerging urbanisms have claimed that their models offer a better approach to handling suburbanization and other urban ills. While the emerging urbanisms address suburban sprawl and related urban challenges, there is little research investigating any meaningful relationship between the syndrome and the theories. This paper aims to investigate whether the emerging urbanisms have had any success in addressing a shrinking cities syndrome, and if so, how. Five contemporary urbanisms that are among the most frequently debated by scholars are chosen for this research. They include Landscape Urbanism, New Urbanism, Critical Regionalism, Everyday Urbanism, and Integral Urbanism. These urbanisms are selected because they are more relevant to two issues that this paper focuses on: sustainability and revitalization of underserved urban communities in the United States. While these urban paradigms claim their models promote sustainability to address suburbanization, this paper argues that they have neglected disadvantaged urban communities in the United States. Moreover, despite the fact that population loss and vacant land crisis are among the key phenomena of a shrinking cities syndrome, and that these phenomena are taking place mainly in distressed urban communities, both the emerging urbanisms and a shrinking cities model have not paid enough attention to crises facing underserved urban neighborhoods. This paper aims to assess the selected contemporary urbanisms. This study discusses strengths and weaknesses of each urbanism, focusing on how well each addresses the shrinking cities syndrome, how well each promotes sustainability, and how successfully each responds to key crises affecting underserved communities in the United States. The paper concludes by suggesting agendas of further research in the shrinking cities syndrome, and ways in which the emerging urbanisms can contribute toward a constructive solution.
References
Hollander, J.B. (2010). Moving Toward a Shrinking Cities Metric: Analyzing Land Use Changes Associated With Depopulation in Flint, Michigan. Cityscape: A Journal of Policy Development and Research 12(1)
Waldheim, C. (2006). Landscape as urbanism. In C. Waldheim (Ed.), The landscape urbanism reader (pp. 35-53). New York: Princeton Architectural Press
Larice, M. and Macdonald, E. (2007). The urban design reader. London and New York: Routledge
Ellin, N. (2006). Integral urbanism. New York: Routledge
Chase, J., Crawford, M., and Kaliski, J. (1999). Everyday urbanism. New York: Monacelli Press
Farris, J. Terrence. “Evolution from Urban Renewal to Community Development- Implications for Shrinking Cities.” Paper to be presented at the annual conference for the Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning, Salt Lake City, Utah, October 13-16, 2011.
FARRIS, J. Terrence [Clemson University] jfarris@clemson.edu
Paper Abstract: Urban redevelopment policy continues to evolve based on the experience of many programs and attempts at revitalization, primarily since the 1949 Housing Act. Various programs have created building blocks to learn successful approaches. We have learned many of the key issues, and yet there are still competing and conflicting strategies as to how to approach urban revitalization, especially in Shrinking Cities. Strategies need to vary based on the market potential of the community and individual neighborhoods within that community. Many public-private partnerships of today are urban renewal under a new name.
I will focus on various key historical aspects from 1949 (start of slum clearance program) through 1990 (Cranston Gonzalez Act) pertaining to conflicting goals and strategies. Specifically, I will discuss perspectives on clearance vs. rehab and conservation, displacement, citizen participation, local administrative organization, housing strategies, triage concepts/site selection, evolution of public private partnerships from land assembly through direct finance, national urban market trends, integration, and related political debates on the nature of community organization. I intend to show the weaving of ideas that truly started with our experiences in urban renewal—that program laid the foundation of experiences that have affected policy ever since—positively and negatively.
I intend to lay out key strategies for Shrinking Cities to pursue or consider based on this historical evolution, including the possibility that the urban renewal program concepts might be more workable today, given the level of abandonment, than when they were originally pursued in crowded cities of the 1950s.
I am presently on sabbatical researching urban renewal history focusing on St. Louis within a national context. I will be analyzing peer reviewed literature; recent books on renewal history in Boston, New York City, Detroit, Baltimore, Atlanta, Pittsburgh, San Francisco and St. Louis; renewal archives in St. Louis; early HHFA archives regarding early policy deliberations; and early ASPO and NAHRO documents on urban renewal.
I have a unique understanding of renewal history. My father was the Deputy Director of urban renewal nationally for the Housing and Home Finance Agency (predecessor to HUD) when the program was founded in the 1949 Housing Act and served as Executive Director for redevelopment in St. Louis from 1953-1966 and 1969-1988 for five mayors and for the St. Louis Housing Authority from 1955-1966—he was a national leader in the redevelopment arena. And I had a 17-year professional career in public-private partnerships prior to joining academia in 1991, working in over 40 communities in ten states on urban renewal and community development. I worked on national HUD studies on closing out the urban renewal program and the start-up of the CDBG program as a consultant with Real Estate Research Corporation under Dr. Anthony Downs. I was also Director of Development supervising 40 staff for the St. Louis Development Corporation for five years.
References
Ballon, Hillary and Kenneth T. Jackson, ed. 2007. Robert Moses and the Modern City: The Transformation of New York. W.W. Norton and Company.von Hoffman, Alexander. 2000. "A Study in Contradictions: The Origins and Legacy of the Housing Act of 1949." Housing Policy Debate, 11 (2), 299-326
Farris, J. Terrence. 2001. "The Barriers to Using Urban Infill Development to Achieve Smart Growth," Housing Policy Debate, 12 (1), 1-30.
Teaford, Jon C. 2000. "Urban Renewal and Its Aftermath." Housing Policy Debate, 11(2), 443-465
Thomas, June Manning. 1997. Redevelopment and Race: Planning A Finer City in Postwar Detroit. The Johns Hopkins University Press.
von Hoffman, Alexander. 2000. "A Study in Contradictions: The Origins and Legacy of the Housing Act of 1949." Housing Policy Debate, 11 (2), 299-326
Riekes Trivers, Ian and Renia Ehrenfeucht. “The Possibilities of LIHTC Projects in a City with Long Term Population Loss: A Counterfactual Analysis of Post- Katrina New Orleans.” Paper to be presented at the annual conference for the Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning, Salt Lake City, Utah, October 13-16, 2011.
RIEKES TRIVERS, Ian [University of Michigan] ianrt@mail.umich.edu, presenting author
EHRENFEUCHT, Renia [University of New Orleans] rehrenfe@uno.edu, primary author
Shrinking cities have received increasing attention in recent years (Hollander et al, 2009). In this paper, shrinking cities refer to cities that have experienced decades-long sustained population loss and, in the United States, those that continued to lose population through the 2000s. Of the largest 50 U.S. cities, 12 lost population in consecutive decades from 1980 to 2000 (Beauregard, 2009). Population loss weakens property demand, resulting in vacant parcels and blight. At the single lot and block level, art, agriculture and adaptive reuse—whether permanent or ephemeral—demonstrate that community members creatively respond to their circumstances and new opportunities (Oswalt, 2006). In shrinking cities, however, parcel level interventions have been insufficient to alleviate all problems associated with abandoned property, and city agencies must still manage vacant land with limited resources in a weak real estate market (Dewar, 2006).
Abandoned property adversely impacts residents’ life quality, and residents in neighborhoods with lower incomes and more rentals experience worse effects. No federal programs have been designed to specifically address citywide depopulation, but local and state governments use varied resources to manage vacant land and stimulate redevelopment. A large portion of federal aid comes in the form of subsidies for housing production, and as a result, federal housing programs become a key part of state and local government efforts to redevelop depopulated neighborhoods. Researchers have also investigated the Low Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) program as a source of neighborhood reinvestment (Deng, forthcoming). Drawing on the findings that the structure and implementation of vacant land management strategies impact how vacant land is reused, even when comparing cities that face similarly weak real estate markets (Dewar, 2006), this paper uses a counterfactual analysis to lay out possible alternative scenarios if similar public investment was deployed in different ways.
This paper analyzes possible outcomes from the 2006-2010 LIHTC projects in New Orleans. Most projects are large, multi-family, single-site developments and are concentrated in specific areas. We examine the following four scenarios. 1) The vacant lots or blighted property that would be occupied if the same number of units were developed in the neighborhoods that surrounds the tax credit projects in the form of the detached singles and doubles that characterize New Orleans neighborhoods. 2) The number of lots that could have been developed in scattered site, infill projects with the same total investment. 3) The impact of new units on anticipated housing demand with attention to the location of new housing in relationship to comparably priced housing. 4) A comparable investment in a small landlord oriented program for the rental housing market. The calculations include total project subsidies from any public source.
New Orleans is a useful city for a counterfactual analysis. In the period prior to Katrina, 65 of New Orleans’ 72 neighborhoods had lost population. The total population had declined from a peak of over 627,000 in 1960 to an estimated 452,000 in 2005. The population fell dramatically to 343,829 in 2010 as a result of the 2005 flooding. The subsequent rebuilding shifted development patterns to reflect anticipated demand.
More attention to the impacts of federal policies and programs in shrinking cities is relevant to planning practice and theory. Planning scholars and practitioners alike celebrate community based responses to disinvestment but there are few examples to show how these transcend neighborhood scale improvements. A counterfactual analysis proposes different opportunities and envisions alternatives to existing programs. It also helps illuminate the limits of current programs and raises questions about what policies would help stabilize cities with sustained population loss as well as the neighborhoods within them.
References
Beauregard, R.A. (2009) Urban population loss in historical perspective: United States, 1820-2000, Environment and Planning A, 41, pp. 514-528.
Deng, L. (forthcoming) Building Affordable Housing in Abandoned Cities: The Case of Low-Income Housing Tax Credit Developments in Detroit, in The City after Abandonment, June Manning Thomas and Margaret Dewar, editors.
Dewar, M. (2006) Selling tax reverted land: Lessons from Cleveland and Detroit, Journal of the American Planning Association, 72(2), pp. 167-180.
Hollander, J, Pallagst, K., Schwarz, T. & Popper, F. (2009) Planning shrinking cities, Progress in Planning, 72(1), ch. 4.
Oswalt, P. (ed) (2006) Shrinking Cities, Volume 2: Interventions (Ostfildern, Germany: Hatje Cantz Verlag).
Dixon, Timothy. "The Property Development Industry and Sustainable Urban Brownfield Regeneration in England: An Analysis of Case Studies in Thames Gateway and Greater Manchester." Urban Studies 44,12 (2007): 2379-2400.
"The property development industry is a key actor in UK brownfield regeneration projects. UK policy has attempted to interlink `sustainable development' and `sustainable brownfield' policy agendas, which have found an additional focus through the UK government's `Sustainable Communities Plan', part of a growing international emphasis on sustainable development. This paper examines the emergence of these agendas and related policies, and the role of the property development industry in the regeneration of six differing brownfield sites, based in Thames Gateway and Greater Manchester. Using a conceptual framework, the paper investigates aspects of the sustainability of these projects and highlights key lessons from them for both the UK and overseas. The research is based on structured interviews with a variety of stakeholders, including developers, planners, consultants and community representatives to highlight emerging best practice and related policy implications." (http://usj.sagepub.com/content/44/12/2379.abstract)
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Articles that discuss and assess plans, polices and urban designs that will reconfigure/right size neighborhoods within shrinking cities/cities in transition; these include general policy discussion about the state of shrinking cities and cities in transition within the fields or urban planning an...
Updated on Aug 05, 11
Created on Apr 19, 11
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