Oestreich, James. "Dreyfus Affair: A Study of Prejudice." NewsBank. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Apr. 2012.
mersal khwaja's List: Quarter 4: TP Dreyfus Affair
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Apr 18, 12
"Next year in Jersulam" was the Jewish Passover prayer for over two thousand years. However, this dream was difficult to become a reality with the international anti-semitism they faced. Jews worldwide felt that the only way to escape persecution was for the establishment of their own home. The creation of a Jewish state in their promised land, Jerusalem. Starting with the diaspora in seventy C.E., Jews for thousands of years have been the target group and the minority. Following the diaspora led to the Pale of Settlement, then progroms against the Jews in Russia. Circumstances for the Jews did not look very promising. In the late 1800s, a man by the name of Theodor Herzl believed the Jews could end anti-semitism with assimilation. However, his preception and the the preception of thousands worldwide took a 180 bend and they were forever changed because of the world turning event, the Dreyfus Affair.
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Apr 29, 12
- January 5th, 1895 Captain Alfred Dreyfus was accused of treason for revealing secretive military documents, (specifically about artillery weapons) to the Germans
- Dreyfus was a part of the French Military Academy in Paris
- The first officer read the findings and proclaimed Dreyfus guilty for the charges.
- The second officer who accused him said "Alfred Dreyfus, you are no longer worthy of bearing arms. In the name of the people of France, we dishonor you."
- As the third officer stripped him of his positions
- Dreyfus was dishonored and penalized in the worst way possible for a military official - losing his rank, public humiliation and lifetime sentence in Devil's Island
- Dreyfus was a hardworking and dedicated himself to the military.
- The event leading him to the charges was when an French agent undercover, dressed as a cleaning lady, went into the German embassy in France and found the military documents in a trash bin.
- Dreyfus was accused with the most insubstantial pieces of evidence - similarity in handwriting
- However he was the perfect scapegoat - he was Jewish, born in Alsace (in 1859) (giving him a German connection) and he had a background in artillery
- It didn't help that the high ranked military official possessed a strong sentiment of anti-semitism
- This made Dreyfus the perfect scapegoat for the event
- Dreyfus plead guilty, but the court unanimously found him guilty and it was a speedy conviction (which is what they wanted)
- France faced a division in their society between the Dreyfusards (including intellects, socialists and supporters of the Third Republic - they believed the French Army had an excessive amount of political power - they believed Dreyfus's trial was unjust) and the Anti-Dreyfusards (including: monarchists, Catholics and those in favor of the army - they felt that Dreyfus was a traitor)
- New evidence was found by Colonel Georges that supported Dreyfus's assertion and incriminated Major Charles Esterhazy as the German to French spy.
- However in Esterhazy's hearing he was unanimously freed of charge (acquitted) even though evidence was much more convincing than the evidence used against Dreyfus
- In response to Esterhazy's acquitting, Dreyfusards were outraged, in specific came the quick response of novelist Émile Zola who printed J'accuse (meaning "I accuse"). In it she comdemns the position of the army in the Dreyfus Affair and accuses specific conspiracators in the army for hiding the real facts of the case.
- Her letter stirred up people for and against Dreyfus and led to a number of phenomemons lead by both parties
- The army and the minster of war charged Zola with libel and she was found guilty, but her work did not die with it. Her accusations turned out to be true - papers used to free Esterhazy and imprison Dreyfus were proved to be forgeries.
- One forger, an intelligance officer on the general staff, Major Hubert-Joseph admitted to the forgeries. This led to Dreyfus's guilty charges being annulled, followed by a second trial.
- Eventually, Dreyfus faced a second trial in 1899, but only mitigating Dreyfus's charges. However later the a pardon from the French President was offered.
- Dreyfus took it and restored his dreams of working in the army on July 22, 1906 in the Military Academy
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Capt. Alfred Dreyfus - who, not incidentally, was Jewish - was languishing in his third year of solitary confinement on Devil's Island, off French Guiana, wrongfully convicted of espionage.
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Apr 29, 12
- The Domino Effect
- It created a split in French society
- In France it left an effect that is still present today - the differences in the values of members of the left wing and right wing.
- It made the strong sentiment of anti-semitism clearly apparent
- Modern Zionism
- Theodor Herzl was changed forever and created the first Zionist congress in 1897
- Their goal was for the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine, however Herzl initially supported for a Jewish state anywhere such as Uganda or Argentina
- The Balfour Declaration 1917
- Without Modern Zionism as a political party there could have been no promise made between the Jews and British.
- The British mind set was that the promise for a Jewish State in Palestine gave Jews incentive in the countries they were currently in. The British wanted the Russians to stay in World War I, the Americans to get involved, Germany and Austria to slow down (Central Powers) and the British wanted control over Palestine because it would solidify their hold on the Suez Canal (protecting it form both sides of the Canal)
The Creation of Israel: 1947 U.N. Partition Plan
- Britain initially divided Palestine along the Jordan River in 1923
- They then turned the once British mandate back to the U.N. for they had enough of the conflict
- The conditions of the Partition included Jerusalem to be under international rule and the Jewish State and Palestine to have three connecting triangles each
- There was a 55%/ 45% split in the land. 55% went to the Jewish state who 34% of the land
- The Partition Plan passed 33-13
Aliyahs 5 in total
1st Aliyah, 1882-1903 – 20,000 Jews migrate to Palestine
2nd Aliyah, 1905-1914 – 35,000 more Jews migrate to Palestine
Israel:
- David Ben-Gurion, the first Prime Minister of Israel, declared Israel's independence on May 14th, 1948
- In the early 1948 Palestine consisted of about 600,000 Jews and 1.3 Arabs
The first Arab-Israeli War/ The War of Independence/ Al Nakba
- Like the 6 surrounding Arab states (Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon and Iraq) declared they attacked Israel the day after they declared independence
- Arabs were now on the defense and lost
- By the end of the war, Israel increased their land by 1/3
- Half of the Palestinians became Israeli refugees
- Egypt occupied the Gaza Strip
- Jordan annexed the West Bank
- The city of Jerusalem was divided
Others:
1956 War/ Suez Crisis
Creation of PLO
1967 War/ Six Day War
1973 Arab-Israeli War/ Yom Kippur War/ October War
1978 Camp David Talks
1987 Intifada
1988 PLO monumental move
*Basically disputes with Arab countries that support the creation of Palestine and a series of Arab-Israeli Wars and conflicts that are still present til today*
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May 01, 12
Worth, Richard. The Arab-Israeli Conflict. New York: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark, 2007. Print.
(Pg. 26)
- Zionism became a political movement (under Herzl)
- Jews now believed the only way out was to build a Jewish State outside of Europe
- Theador Herzl wrote The Jewish State - it declared that in the next 50 years the Jews would establish a Jewish State
- It influenced the First Aliya (immigration of Jews in Russia to Palestine)
- the First World Zionist Congress created the Jewish National Fund to support Jewish immigrants financially
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Garfinkle, Adam. Israel. Philadelphia: Mason Crest Publishers, 2004. Print.
(Pg. 62)
- Stats: Nov. 1917 (Balfour)
- population of Jews in Palestine: 90,000 people
- population of arabs in Palestine: 500,000 people
(Pg. 62)
- Zionist encouraged Jews to migrate to Palestine and build the Yishuv (Jewish community within Palestine)
(Pg. 62-63)
- Problem is they need financial aid to build the community (land, education, institutions and development) -> Jewish National Fund (JNF)
(Pg.63)
- World Zionist Organization (WZO) linked the international supporters and Zionists in the Yishuv
Coalition:
In Early Zionist, socialist political parties collate in order to form a Jewish State
1) Mizrahi - religious Zionists (quiet small)
2) Histadrut - labor union that organized the economy and society of Yishuv (1920)
3) Haganah - paramilitary/ police defense against Arab opposition (1920)
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May 01, 12
Frank, Mitch. Understanding the Holy Land: answering questions about the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. New York: Viking, 2005. Print.
(Pg. 20)
- The Organization had two main goals
1) Receive the support of other nations to encourage the creation of a Jewish State
2) Provide for Jewish settlers coming into the Holy Land
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Lesch, Ann. "Zionism And Its Impact." Washington Report on Middle East Affairs | Telling the Truth for 30 Years. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 May 2012.
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From the start, the movement sought to achieve a Jewish majority in Palestine and to establish a Jewish state on as much of the LAND as possible. The methods included promoting mass Jewish immigration and acquiring tracts of land that would become the inalienable property of the Jewish people.
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Apr 29, 12
The Dreyfus affair clearly played a crucial role in history and left the people changed forever. The Dreyfus affair led to a series of events that collectively contributed to the creation of Israel. It turned the dream of Israel into a reality with the political movement of Zionism. It thus highlighted the severity of anti-semitism around the world and specifically Europe. It is safe to say that if the Dreyfus Affair had never occurred, the creation of Israel would remain but a dream and not a reality.
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Apr 29, 12
Frank, Mitch. Understanding the Holy Land: answering questions about the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. New York: Viking, 2005. Print.
Garfinkle, Adam. Israel. Philadelphia: Mason Crest Publishers, 2004. Print.
Lesch, Ann. "Zionism And Its Impact." Washington Report on Middle East Affairs | Telling the Truth for 30 Years. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 May 2012. .
Oestreich, James. "Dreyfus Affair: A Study of Prejudice." NewsBank. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Apr. 2012. .
Worth, Richard. The Arab-Israeli Conflict. New York: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark, 2007. Print.
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