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Melissa Czechowski's List: Final Exam Project

      • This website is connected to the I cans by explaining the
        processes of passive and active cell transport. The website
        includes all of the facts that I've learned during the cell
        transport unit in the semester. Also, it goes beyond because
        by connecting different, new facts about the processes and parts of the
        plasma membrane that I did not know before. Such as: Membrane pumps,
        the different types of endocytosis (phagocytosis and pinocytosis).

    • movement of materials into and out of cells influences the internal  concentrations of the molecules

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      • Also, the information makes references to hypotonic, hypertonic,
        and isotonic solutions, and how fresh water and sea water can be
        compared through different volumes of solutions.

    • Since the source is inside the cell, the concentration gradient is constantly  being replenished/re-elevated, thus the net flow of CO2 is out of the  cell.

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      • This website answered my question about the different types of active
        transport. I still question the differences between the two types of active transport, though.
        The information is connected to how active and passive transport is used in an intestine, which is a good connection to a real-life part of
        an organism that uses cell transport. Intestines use active and passive transport to break down food and create acids in the stomach.

    • There are two types of active transport:
      ·Primary active  transport
      ·Secondary active  transport

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      • Now, I understand for sure that photosynthesis comes before cell respiration. Cell transport plays a huge role in photosynthesis and cell respiration, because the processes involve different molecules that move throughout the organelle (chloroplast in photosynthesis and mitochondria in cell respiration). Without cell transport, the different molecules would not be able to travel to different parts of the organelles and change into different types of molecules, to complete the products at the end of each process.

      • This website went "beyond" because it answered my question about what chlorophyll is, which I had forgotten. Also, the website included the different reactions that take place during cell respiration and photosynthesis. An idea that I had while reading this article was that photosynthesis comes before cell respiration.

    • Photosynthesis is a chemical process that takes place in the presence of  sunlight, wherein plants  make their food and build stores of energy. This phenomenon occurs in  chlorophyll containing plant cells. Chlorophyll is a pigment found in plant  leaves that gives plants their green color

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      • This information connects the processes of photosynthesis and cell respiration to how photosynthesis affects a leaf.
        By connecting these concepts to a specific situation, it shows how important photosynthesis is to plants. Also, this website answered my question on what fermentation is. Fermentation occurs when pyruvic acid is changed to ethanol or lactic acid. Cell transport obviously occurs during this process, which takes place during glycolysis, and is like changing the specific type of chemical, as a scientist would do in a lab.

    • Photosynthesis is the process by which  organisms that contain the pigment chlorophyll convert light energy into  chemical energy which can be stored in the molecular bonds of organic molecules  (e.g., sugars

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    • Photosynthesis is the process by which organisms make high-energy compounds.  Cellular respiration involves the breakdown of compounds through chemical  "oxidation".
      • The information connects how the processes, cell respiration and photosynthesis, are connected. Also, I was confused on whether photosynthesisi or cell respiration came first. I now know that photosynthesis definitely comes before cell respiration because in photosynthesis, the sugars need to be made, which include electrons, and cell respiration occurs so that the electrons can be taken from the sugars. Each process involves cell transport, because the molecules have to move through different concentration gradients in the chloroplast (during photosynthesis) and the mitochondria (during cell respiration).

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      • I had forgotten the exact process of science inquiry, which my memory is now refreshed on. It's important to understand the learning process through the science inquiry process, so that people can do experimetns related to concepts such as: cell respiration and photosynthesis, cell transport, evolutionary synthesis, and cell reproduction. By doing the experiments according to the science inquiry process, you can make connections between the different concepts and how they affect each other, going by the results of the experiment.

        •  
        • Start with an open-ended question or demonstration (as opposed to  beginning a lesson with definitions and explanations).  
        • Gather responses and subsequent questions from students with little  comment or direction.  
        • Require students to collaborate on designing experiments or methods of  inquiry.  
        • Student teams conduct experiments or gather data.  
        • If time allows, re-evaluate question based on new data and  re-experiment or collect new data based on revised question.  
        • Students present findings as an oral presentation, a poster  presentation or an evaluative write-up.
    •  The  Inquiry Process  

      Raising questions
      Kinds of questions
      Fair testing
      More on  questions
      Reflecting
      Resources

      Productive, inquiry-based science study  enables children to realize they can raise and answer questions themselves. The  scientific method is  the inquiry process by which scientists raise and attempt to answer new  questions.

      • Before reading this website, I did not think about the different types of questions I would ask myself during an experiment. Now, I think that these questions are important because they are connected to the steps of the experiment themselves, and indirectly, are connected to whatever concept is being experimented on, whether it would be cell respiration and photosynthesis, cell transport, cell reproduction, or evolution synthesis.

    • Open Inquiry
    • Structured Inquiry

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    • Mitosis produces two daughter cells that are identical to the parent  cell.  If the parent cell is haploid (N), then the daughter cells will be  haploid.   If the parent cell is diploid, the daughter cells will also be  diploid. 

       
       
       

      N ® N

       
       
       

      2N ® 2N

       

      This type of cell division allows multicellular organisms to grow and  repair damaged tissue.

    • Meiosis produces daughter cells that have one half the number of chromosomes  as the parent cell. 

       
       
       

      2N ® N

       

      Meiosis enables organisms to reproduce sexually.  Gametes (sperm and eggs) are haploid.

       

      Meiosis involves two divisions producing a total of four daughter cells.

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      • I now know another difference between mitosis and meiosis: mitosis has a synthesis phase where the DNA is duplicated, as well as meiosis one, but meiosis two is not followed by a synthesis phase. I still have a question on why this occurs, but now I know that this is a definite difference between the two. This is connected to the rest of meiosis two, because if there is not a synthesis process after meiosis two, then there has to be another way for the DNA to replicate before two separate cells are created.

    • It is preceded by a S-phase in which the amount of DNA is duplicated. In meiosis, only meiosis I is preceded by a S-phase.

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      • Mitosis and meiosis are connected to the other units, because
        cell transport is involved with each process in cell reproduction. This
        also relates to how the different types of molecules that separate in the different forms
        of metaphase are lined up on the spindle apparatus. Now I understand the different molecules that are made in metaphase from mitosis,
        meiosis one and two, and why they are different, because of the article.

    • Further, homolog chromosomes separate during metaphase I of meiosis, whereas  during mitosis and metaphase II the separating structures are the chromatides.  The difference between the separation in mitosis and metaphase II (meiosis) is  that halfing of the number of chromosomes has preceeded meiosis II, in contrast  to mitosis
      • having its own original genetic traits. Without cell transport, the RNA would not be able to move into and out of the nucleus to take and carry the genetic information to help make new proteins. So, cell transport processes and the process of DNA copying its genetic information to RNA and RNA synthesizing new proteins rely on each other.

      • Even after learning a lot of information from the unit
        during class, I was still confused on a couple facts, which I
        now understand better because of the article. Now, I know for a
        fact that while DNA is made up of two strands, the RNA (messenger protein) is
        made up of one strand. Also, I had forgotten that the DNA holds all of the genetic traits, while
        the RNA simply holds and carries that same information, instead of
        the RNA hai

    • RNA is single-stranded while DNA is a double-stranded helix

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      • DNA synthesis and cell reproduction are connected because, when the DNA polymerase is making the strand longer, nucleotides need to be added to the strand. Mitosis is used to create more body cells, which would be needed to create the nucleotides. So, without mitosis, the nucleotides would not be created, and the strand length would not be able to increase.

      • DNA replication is related to cell transport and cell reproduction because without the molecules in each of the processes being able to move through cells, none of the processes in either cell reproduction or DNA synthesis and RNA synthesis would be ble to take place. This is like riding a train to get to your destination. If the train does not go through all of the towns before your destination, then you will never reach it.

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    •  

      Messenger RNA (mRNA)

       

      Messenger RNA contains genetic information. It is a copy of a portion of the  DNA.

       

      It carries genetic information from the gene (DNA) out of the nucleus, into  the cytoplasm of the cell where it is translated to produce protein.

       

      Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

       

      This type of RNA is a structural component of the ribosomes. It does not  contain a genetic message.

       

      Transfer RNA (tRNA)

       

      Transfer RNA functions to transport amino acids to the ribosomes during  protein synthesis.

      • I did not know about the different forms of RNA before reading
        the section about it in the article. The different forms of RNA are messenger RNA,
        ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA. Each of the different types
        of RNA have different jobs and characteristics. Translation is not only connected
        to evolutionary synthesis as a whole, but cell transport as well. Without
        cell transport, the RNA would not be able to move in and out of the nucleus of the cell
        to carry the genetic information over to the proteins. Also, because there
        are three different types of RNA, different jobs can be done at one time.

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