staining of the T cell subpopulations of the intraepithelium of the small bowel biopsies shows alteration of T cell subpopulations of the intraepithelial lymphocytes (increase of the γ/δ T cells). This finding is said to be a marker of potential CD
In those patients where the histology is normal,
Finally, CD has a very strong association with the human lymphocyte antigen (HLA) of the major histocompatibility complex. Ninety per cent of patients with CD have the HLA DQ2; the rest have DQ8.
Gluten sensitivity is best defined as a state of heightened immunological responsiveness in genetically susceptible people.15 This definition does not imply bowel involvement. That gluten sensitivity is regarded as principally a disease of the small bowel is a historical misconception.28 Gluten sensitivity can be primarily and at times exclusively a neurological disease.29
Although data are sparse, there is increasing concern for possible harmful effects of environmental exposures to Mn, including the economic implications of intellectual deficits due to Mn toxicity
nhaled Mn poses greater risks of toxicity
Neurological symptoms of manganism include decreased memory and concentration, fatigue, headache, vertigo, equilibrium loss, insomnia, tinnitus, trembling of fingers, muscle cramps, rigidity, alteration of libido, and sweating
Mn can accumulate in the central nervous system
Exposure to Mn was shown to interfere with several neurotransmitter systems, especially in the dopaminergic system in areas of the brain responsible for motor coordination, attention, and cognition (14, 15). Mn is a potent dopamine oxidant, which could explain the toxic lesions in certain dopaminergic brain regions
magnetic resonance imaging
hair mineral content as an indicator of body burden, would be associated with learning disabilities in children
Children with learning disabilities had a significantly higher concentration of hair Mn as well as six other elements (sodium, cadmium, copper, lead, chromium, and lithium), which makes the findings difficult to interpret.
The high Mn concentration in infant milk formula drew the attention of researchers (28), who conducted a two-part study in the United States. First, hair Mn concentration was measured in children fed infant formula and in children exclusively breast-fed. Hair Mn levels were found to increase significantly from 0.19 microgram per gram (µg/g) at birth to 0.69 µg/g at 4 months in the infant formula group; no significant increase was observed in the breast-fed group. Second, the metal levels in the hair of children with hyperactivity were compared with those in age-matched children without this disorder. Significantly higher levels of Mn were observed in the hair of hyperactive children (0.43 µg/g) than in controls (0.27 µg/g).
this is unreal. could there be any doubt that using formula is connected to the upsurge in hyperactivity???? it would be an interesting poll to take.
The authors concluded that the exposure to high in utero Mn levels can affect children's psychomotor development but that sociocultural factors might have masked Mn effects in older children. Finally, it was emphasized that fetal life can be regarded as a period of great vulnerability to Mn toxicity at low environmental levels.
a positive correlation was observed between mercury and visuospatial ability. The authors suggested that the mercury might come from consumption of fish, also associated with a high intake of fatty acids with a beneficial effect on brain function.
increasing Mn water levels were associated with lower IQ on all three scales
high levels of both Mn and arsenic were significantly associated with lower intellectual function and verbal memory scores
children living in houses supplied with water at higher Mn concentrations had significantly higher levels of Mn in hair, and (2) hair Mn concentrations were associated with higher scores for hyperactive and oppositional behavior in the classroom after adjusting for age, gender, and family income.
showering
Unlike previous investigations, the enamel of shedding teeth was used as a matrix for Mn determination, with the objective of measuring the previous exposure during the intrauterine stage when these tissues were formed.
even after adjusting for levels of lead in the tooth enamel, measured at the same time as Mn, children with high levels of this metal in the uterine phase had higher scores on all scales of disinhibitory behavior: more children played with forbidden toys at 36 months of age, committed more errors by impulsiveness at 54 months, and were more often evaluated by their mothers and teachers as having externalizing and attention problems.
Five studies reported indications of adverse effects of exposure to Mn in water on the central nervous system of children (29, 31, 32, 36, 38). Given that high levels of Mn in well water are not uncommon, this situation could pose a significant public health risk
Mn levels corresponding to the level found in the Chinese study to have a significant effect on children (around 0.3 mg/L) are found in 6% of household wells in the United States (40)
Mn levels rise in the mother's blood, where Mn has an important role as a cofactor of several enzymes that regulate metabolism and bone growth
Although newborns' exposure to Mn through infant milk formula is a cause for concern (see the review by Ericson et al. (39)), only one investigation addressed this possible source of exposure (29), despite the fact that baby formulas, especially those based on soybean, have been shown to have considerably high Mn levels
lack of a well-recognized bioindicator of exposure
Use of hair has several advantages over other biomarkers. Hair averages off the variations of Mn levels found in blood or plasma, as it grows an aver
age of 11 millimeters/month, thus representing a time-weighted average over the duration of exposure.
A major drawback to the use of hair as a marker of internal dose of exposure is exogenous deposition, which is particularly problematic in the context of exposure to airborne Mn particulates.
Excessive bleeding, including heavy menstrual bleeding, gum bleeding, bleeding within the digestive tract, or nosebleeding
Any health problems that compromise digestion
any drugs that alter our normal intestinal bacteria can compromise our vitamin K status. At the top of this drug list would be antibiotics
Antibiotics can decrease the availability of vitamin K by killing gut bacteria that synthesize vitamin K. Broad-spectrum antibiotics may pose the greatest risk in this regard. Included in this antibiotic category would be the sulfonamide antibiotics.
full spectrum vitamin K.
ermentation of foods can be especially helpful for increasing their vitamin K content. Within this fermentation category, soy foods have a special place in the nutrition research on vitamin K since fermented soy foods play a unique role in supplying vitamin K in certain traditional cuisines (like that of Japan). You will sometimes find the word "natto" being used to refer to these fermented soy foods since Bacillus natto are bacteria that can convert K1 into K2 and are often used in the production of fermented soy products.
Swiss Emmental cheese and Norwegian Jarlsberg cheeses are examples of cheeses fermented by proprioni bacteria.
meats and eggs are the most common food sources of the menaquinone MK-4. Fermented soy foods are our most common source of MK-7. (Remember that all forms of vitamin K including menaquinones like MK-4 and MK-7 and also phylloquinones make great contributions to our health.)
romaine lettuce may be about four times higher in vitamin K than iceberg lettuce
Sometimes the outer leaves of a plant can be more concentrated in vitamin K than the inner leaves. We've seen research documenting this difference for both cabbage and Brussels sprouts. For this reason, it may be worthwhile to very carefully and gently scrub these vegetables with a natural bristle brush while rinsing them under a flow of clean water as a way to clean the other leaves and keep them included in your meal rather than simply discarding these outside leaves due to presence of dirt or other particles.