2.2.2.4.2
How does language come to be known? Is the capacity to acquire language innate?
2.2.2.3.1
How have spoken sounds acquired meaning? What is the connection between the sounds and what they are taken to represent? What is lost in using language to describe the world? What are the advantages?
A video of twin baby boys Sam and Ren having a hilarious conversation in their own language has become a web hit, after being posted online on Valentine's Day.
00:00 - 04:38: Does language begin with universal melodies?
04:38 - 06:56: The mechanism that converts sound waves into what you hear.
08:29 - 22:00: Why are some sounds pleasant and others not, and what does it tell us about the audience reaction in 1913 to the première of Igor Stravinsky's "The Rights of Spring"?
22:00 - 24:55: Is the purpose of the artist to challenge the brain, to break the brain out of its conservative cycle?
Deb Roy studies how children learn language. His astonishing visualisation of data, links context to acquisition of language and ideas.
Steven Pinker argues that children are hard-wired with universal grammar.
Ever since John Locke described a child's mind as like a blank slate philosophers have been debating the question of whether or not we have some kind of innate ability to learn language and a universal grammar that all languages share. Based on his studies of the Piraha, an Amazonian people with a very unusual language, Daniel Everett concludes (starting at 8:53) that language is a product of the brain's ability to make statistical associations and form generalisations.
Patricia Kuhl shares astonishing findings about how babies learn one language over another -- by listening to the humans around them and "taking statistics" on the sounds they need to know.
Language doesn't seem to have much to do with numbers at all. But Google is overcoming the world's language barriers with "statistical machine translation" in which computers learn how to translate language by analysing correlations between words and phrases among a huge collection of multilingual texts.