Jenna S's List: Research project

• the arrival of a new generation of ultraviolent video games beginning in the early 1990s and continuing unabated to the present resulted in large numbers of children and youths actively participating in entertainment violence that went way beyond anything available to them on television or in movies
• Recent video games reward players for killing innocent bystanders, police, and prostitutes, using a wide range of weapons including guns, knives, flame throwers, swords, baseball bats, cars, hands, and feet.
• . Violent video games are significantly associated with: increased aggressive behavior, thoughts, and affect; increased physiological arousal; and decreased prosocial (helping) behavior
• . For example, variables known to influence real world aggression and violence have the same effects on laboratory measures of aggression (Anderson & Bushman, 1997).
• Some field experiments have used behaviors such as biting, pinching, hitting, pushing, and pulling hair, behaviors that were not modeled in the game.
• does increase the face validity
• : High levels of violent video game exposure have been linked to delinquency, fighting at school and during free play periods, and violent criminal behavior (e.g., self-reported assault, robbery).
• there is not consistent evidence for the claim that younger children are more negatively affected than adolescents or young adults or that males are more affected than females.
• Even nonaggressive individuals are consistently affected by brief exposures.
• experimental studies with college students have consistently found increased aggression after exposure to clearly unrealistic and fantasy violent video games.
• at least one recent study found significant increases in aggression by college students after playing E-rated (suitable for everyone) violent video games.
• violent video game effect sizes are larger than the effect of second hand tobacco smoke on lung cancer
• violent video game effect sizes are larger tha
• 1. It creates more positive attitudes, beliefs, and expectations regarding use of aggressive solutions. 2. It creates aggressive behavioral scripts and makes them more cognitively accessible. 3. It decreases the accessibility of nonviolent scripts. 4. It decreases the normal negative emotional reactions to conflict, aggression, and violence.

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• 97 million American adults – 55 percent of the adult population – now are overweight or obese.
• 

• More than three-quarters of American youths have video-game consoles at home, and on a typical day at least 40 percent play a video game
• good for literacy, problem-solving, learning to test hypotheses and researching information from a variety of sources.
• Critics worry that it's making kids more socially isolated, less experienced in working with others and less creative.
• They claim that playing video games is practically a requirement of literacy in our digital age.
• To win, players must have a sophisticated understanding of strategy and make split-second decisions about which play to choose.
• played online simultaneously with thousands of players — lead some teens to engage in esoteric, online conversations about strategy and to create their own literary spin-offs or so-called fanfiction.
• giving them an advantage as entrepreneurs and creative thinkers in the new economy
• A kid in the classroom has to worry about looking like an idiot. In a game, they're raising their hand all the time, and true learning comes from failing,
• 
• reading for pleasure has remained steady in the past five years even as video-gaming time has risen.
• Heavy gamers — more than an hour a day — actually spend more time reading for pleasure (55 minutes daily) than teens who play no video games at all (41 minutes)
• 
• 
• and younger teens adopted the language of older teens.

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• two-thirds of the adults are either overweight or obese
• at least 300,000 Americans die each year from obesity-related diseases
• high-fat, high-sugar, super-sized foods
• Physical education is being dropped
• driving rather than walking
• And children are spending more time playing computer games than sports.
• just a matter of individual responsibility, or whether a society that makes it so easy to get fat should be retooled
• qually important, she is also exercising regularly, swimming laps in her pool and even taking belly-dancing lessons.
• two out of three Americans are overweight or obese
• tripled over the last 20 years.
• 30 obesity-related diseases, ranging from heart disease and stroke to arthritis and breathing problems.
• 
• now contract Type 2 diabetes
• stir a public outcry similar to what happened with tobacco. When the cost to society of treating smoking-related illnesses got too high, the public began demanding that tobacco companies pay for the damages they cause to users' health
• Some patrons have sued fast-food restaurants, blaming their health problems on the restaurants.
• that small-plane passengers be weighed before takeoff.

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• “People are becoming obese because they eat too much and food is so cheap,
• We are beginning to realize that obesity is not only a biomedical problem, it's also a community and environmental problem.”
• Americans also eat out twice as often as they did in 1970
• Fast-food restaurants have increased their sales by 200 percent during the last 20 years; other restaurants posted 150 percent gains.
• Sales of sugary sodas rose from 40 gallons per person in 1985 to 53 gallons per person in 2000.
• 
• dropped regular physical-education courses or recess
• Adults also engage in less physical activity at work
• Fewer than 2 percent of Americans today live on farms, compared to more than half at the dawn of the 20th century.
• Nearly every family owns at least one car, and suburban developments are plotted on the self-perpetuating assumption that people don't want to walk more than a few hundred feet at any given time
• no citizen is ever more than 500 yards from a food product featuring melted cheese.”
• Basically, we live in a culture that's engineered to promote obesity
• 
• 
• Children now drink twice as much soda as milk, according to the Center for Science in the Public Interest. Two decades ago, the opposite was true
• increasing physical activity in schools would help solve the obesity problem.
• 
• If we can find ways to educate children that all of us need to turn off the television, log off the computer, get up off the couch and get moving, that would go a long way to get us away from obesity,
• one American out of four eats at a fast-food restaurant every day.
• people will eat larger portions that are put in front of them, out of all proportion to their initial hunger
• past 20 years, hamburgers have expanded by 23 percent, a plate of Mexican food by 27 percent; soft drink servings by 52 percent; and salty snacks by 60 percent.
• 2002 that parents shouldn't bring their children to the restaurants more often than once a week, for health reasons.
• consumers also dropped all pretense of wanting healthy food,
• 95 percent of Americans feel qualified to order as they like when dining out and that two-thirds of them are tired of hearing what foods are good or bad for them.
• 12 percent of adults, after all, and 2 percent of children, currently meet suggested federal dietary guidelines.
• But most early Americans weren't overweight or obese because they spent their days burning off thousands of calories performing manual labor.
• 1958, the government identified its “Basic Four” groups of foods — meats, fruits and vegetables, dairy and grains — recommending that a healthy diet consisted of moderate amounts from each group
• They can live literally months longer than others. But, what was once a tremendous survival advantage now has great costs economically and in terms of morbidity.”
• 
• Cornell University researcher Clyde McCay demonstrates that rats on nutritionally dense diets live twice as long as rats that eat freely.
• 1971Food scientists in Japan produce high-fructose corn syrup, a cheap sweetener six times as sweet as cane sugar.
• 
• A Nation of Couch Potatoes
• The type of physical exertion once commonplace in the work force has been replaced by long, sedentary hours spent on the telephone or in front of a computer
• “There's more passive recreation available to children with television, computers and Nintendo.”
• at least 30 minutes of mild exercise
• five times a week
• or pursue more vigorous activity for at least 20 minutes three times a week.
• 40 percent of Americans engage in no physical activity at all in a given two-week period.
• Tucker conducted a study showing that leaner kids tended to use the late daylight hours right after schools to skateboard, play basketball or otherwise get their bodies moving.
• Fatter kids, he said, tended to spend their after-school time in front of the TV or in other sedentary pursuits.
• schools provide few outlets for kids to run around
• Fewer than 40 percent of kids are still physically active by the time they reach high school
• fewer than a third of high-schoolers take physical education courses
• Atlanta, which has a no-recess policy, now builds its schools without playgrounds.
• while consumption of calories has increased by seven or eight percent, physical activity has dropped by about 15 percent
• 
• at age 50, he weighs 30 pounds less than he did attending junior high school in New York City.

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• Average adult Americans are about one inch taller, but nearly a whopping 25 pounds heavier than they were in 1960
• average BMI
• has increased among adults from approximately 25 in 1960 to 28 in 2002.
• height of a man aged 20-74 years
• 5'8" in 1960 to 5'9½" in 2002
• 5'3" 1960 to 5'4" in 2002
• <script type="text/javascript">zSB(3,3)</script>

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• average weight for men aged 20-74 years rose dramatically from 166.3 pounds in 1960 to 191 pounds in 2002
• while the average weight for women the same age increased from 140.2 pounds in 1960 to 164.3 pounds in 2002
• 20-39 years increased by nearly 20 pounds
• Men between the ages of 40 and 49 were nearly 27 pounds heavier on average in 2002 compared to 1960.
• Men between the ages of 50 and 59 were nearly 28 pounds heavier on average in 2002 compared to 1960.
• Men between the ages of 60 and 74 were almost 33 pounds heavier on average in 2002 compared to 1960.
• 20-29 were nearly 29 pounds heavier on average in 2002 compared to 1960.
• 40-49 were about 25½ pounds heavier on average in 2002 compared to 1960.
• 60-74 were about 17½ pounds heavier on average in 2002 compared to 1960.
• 10 year-old-boy in 1963 was 74.2 pounds; by 2002 the average weight was nearly 85 pounds.
• 10-year-old girl in 1963 was 77.4 pounds; by 2002 the average weight was nearly 88 pounds.
• 15-year-old boy weighed 135.5 pounds on average in 1966; by 2002 the average weight of a boy that age increased to 150.3 pounds.
• 15-year-old girl weighed 124.2 pounds on average in 1966; by 2002 the average weight for a girl that age was 134.4 pounds.
• According to the report, average heights for children increased as well over the past four decades. For example:
• 10-year-old boy in 1963 was 55.2 inches; by 2002 the average height of a 10-year-old boy had increased to 55.7 inches.
• 10-year-old girl in 1963 was about 55.5 inches; by 2002 the average height of a 10-year-old girl had increased to 56.4 inches.
• 1966, the average height of a 15-year-old boy was 67.5 inches or almost 5'7½"; by 2002 the average height of a 15-year-old boy was 68.4 or almost 5'8½".
• 1996, the average height of a 15-year-old girl was 63.9 inches; by 2002 the average height of a 15-year-old girl had not changed significantly (63.8 inches).
• n 1963, the average BMI for a 7-year-old boy was 15.9; in 2002 it was 17.0. For girls the same age, the average BMI increased from 15.8 to 16.6 over the same period.
• For girls the same age, the average BMI increased from 21.9 to 24.0 over the same period.
• 1966, the average BMI for a 16-year-old boy was 21.3; in 2002, it was 24.1.

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• hen, in 1952, A.S. Douglas at the University of Cambridge   created an electronic version of Tic-Tac-Toe, which he titled “OXO”
• for   academic purposes
• ould lead to   Pong, Pac-Man, Mario, new video game systems and new video games,   magazines, and Congressional debates.

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• First programmable compute
• The Z1 originally created by Germany's Konrad Zuse in his parents living room in 1936 to 1938 is considered to be the first electrical binary programmable computer. 
• The first digital computer
• started being developed
• in 1937 and continued to be developed until 1942
• October 19, 1973,
• was invalid
• Atanasoff the inventor of the electronic digital computer.
• Eckert and Mauchly
• It occupied about 1,800 square feet and used about 18,000 vacuum tubes, weighing almost 50 tons.
• began construction in 1943 and was not completed until 1946.
• performed its first calculation on May 6, 1949 and was the computer that ran the first graphical computer game.
• The first personal computer
• Intel 8008 processor and sold for $1,750
• in 1973.
• laptop or portable computer
• portable in 1984
• 30 pounds
• announced in 1986
• 1994 introduces the IBM ThinkPad 775CD, the first notebook with an integrated CD-ROM.
• weighing 12 pounds
• Other major computer company firsts

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