history of white contact had been, for the Tannese, unremittingly grim: murderous explorers and adventurers followed by slavers and sandalwood traders, followed in turn by "blackbirders" who kidnapped the islanders for indentured labour in the Queensland cane-fields, and Presbyterian missionaries who forbade dancing, kava, traditional dress and ritual, enforcing their prohibitions with a rod of iron which gradually developed into colonial administration