However, there are different ways to think about prevention with adolescents.
One way is with respect to literacy. Because literacy is a key to academic success in secondary settings, difficulty in this area bodes ill for students learning academic subjects. By focusing on proficiency in listening, speaking, reading, and writing, educators can help students access content, thereby avoiding more global school failure.
Another way to think about prevention relates to avoidance of negative consequences of poor academic achievement, including failure to earn a diploma and dropping out of school. Other undesirable outcomes have more to do with personal and social consequences, such as low self-esteem, alienation, and antisocial behavior, including criminal activity. When construed in these ways, prevention, indeed, is germane to the education of adolescents.
What about the second aspect of RTI—the alternative to discrepancy formulas for identifying students as having LD? Partly because of the long-standing use of discrepancy formulas in schools, educators are likely to encounter struggling students in middle, junior, and high schools who have fallen through the cracks, that is, students who did not meet discrepancy criteria for LD identification in elementary school and who are now having serious problems in a secondary setting. In an RTI approach, such students who need more than good, scientifically based instruction might be sufficiently assisted with interventions in general education and not need special education. However, in the event that this is not enough, data documenting lack of sufficient progress in interventions outside of special education (i.e., lack of responsiveness to intervention) would provide evidence along with other evaluation data to support identification of such students as having LD.