Many Christians believe that it is preferable to start physically abusing children at a young age. Dr. James Dobson of Focus on the Family, one of the most influential personalities in Christian circles and widely regarded as an expert on child rearing, recommends spanking children as early as 18 months of age. Many Christian parents hold that that the physical abuse of their children is the only effective method of discipline and routinely reject non-violent techniques. The problem is only exacerbated as many primary and secondary schools still “paddle” school children. To make matters worse, the paddling is usually carried out by the school principal. When a child is abused at home, in school and supported by the church, there is absolutely no refuge available to them. Most of the time the child grows into an adult who abuse their own children because hitting children teaches them to become hitters themselves. Many children are assaulted with switches, paddles, bats, bike chains, open hands, closed fists, axe handles, canes and whatever else is handily available.