Reilly contends that the fight among Muslims, Israel, and the West rises primarily from theological rather than political sources. So political and economic programs cannot resolve this clash of civilizations unless the theological causes are addressed.
He believes the discord dates to a ninth-century Islamic theological civil war that pitted a group known as the Mu’tazlis, who favored a reasoned approach to their religion, against a group known as the Ash’arites, who rejected human ability to understand God and the universe.
The latter group won the struggle and ended the Mu’tazlis’ efforts for a reasoned approach to Islam.