Brigid Dolan's List: Creative

• In the 18th to the early 20th century, women were sometimes institutionalized due to their opinions, their unruliness, and their inability to be controlled properly by a primarily male-dominated culture
• The men who were in charge of these women, either a husband, father, or brother, could send these women to mental institutions stating that they believed that these women were mentally ill because of their strong opinions. "Between the years of 1850-1900, women were placed in mental institutions for behaving in ways the male society did not agree with."
• or if they simply wanted to silence the voices and opinions of these women
• The average number of patients in asylums in the United States jumped 927%.^[49] Numbers were similar in England and Germany
• the reputation of psychiatry in the medical world had hit an extreme low
• Malarial therapy was followed in 1920 by barbiturate induced deep sleep therapy to treat dementia praecox,
• the first leucotomy, or lobotomy in Portugal in 1935, which targets the brain's frontal lobes
• From 1946, Freeman developed the transorbital lobotomy, using a device akin to an ice-pick
• Freeman is credited with the popularisation of the technique in the United States. In 1949, 5074 lobotomies were carried out in the United States and by 1951, 18,608 people had undergone the controversial procedure in that country
• Psychiatrists around the world have been involved in the suppression of individual rights by states wherein the definitions of mental disease had been expanded to include political disobedience
• The diagnosis of mental disease can serve as proxy for the designation of social dissidents, allowing the state to hold persons against their will and to insist upon therapies that work in favour of ideological conformity and in the broader interests of society
• The comparable figure for the period from 1955 to 1967, after the introduction of chlorpromazine, was 67 per cent. Between 1955 and 1968 the residential psychiatric population in the United States dropped by 30 per cent
• The CPS reformers were especially active at the Philadelphia State Hospital where four Quakers initiated The Attendant magazine as a way to communicate ideas and promote reform
• Asylums became notorious for poor living conditions, lack of hygiene, overcrowding, and ill-treatment and abuse of patients
• Wave one began in the 1950s and targeted people with mental illness.^[82] The second wave began roughly fifteen years after and focused on individuals who had been diagnosed with a developmental disability (e.g. mentally retarded).^[82]

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