Andrew Hwang's List: Artificial Intelligence Resources

• by 2045 artificially intelligent machines may be capable of “if not any work that humans can do, then, at least, a very significant fraction of the work that humans can do.”
• reasonable to believe intelligent machines may one day replace human workers almost entirely and in the process put millions out of work permanently
• technological unemployment is attracting commentary from an increasingly vocal sect of economists
• after which the labor market as we know it will cease to exist.
• accelerating technology over the last few centuries has consistently erased some jobs only to replace them with other jobs
• workers are still paid to perform many physical jobs that were automated long ago and a number of new ones to boot
• while some of us work hard to build and program super-intelligent machines, others will work hard to entertain, theorize, philosophize, and make uniquely human creative works, maybe even pair with machines to accomplish these things
• as some jobs of the mind are automated, more people are doing creative work of some kind.
• But we’re working harder than ever. Why? Work lends meaning to life and leisure. 
• “The world in 50 years…either will be a utopia or a dystopia.”

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• the singularity — the point at which artificial intelligence can match, and then overtake, human smarts — might happen in just 16 years.
• computers will be as smart as humans by 2029, and that by 2045, "computers will be billions of times more powerful than unaided human intelligence,"
• light-years behind the average 7-year-old in terms of common sense, vision, language and intuition about how the physical world works
• Agricultural and Industrial revolutions — led to a doubling in economic productivity every 1,000 and 15 years, respectively
• • A smarter and more efficient machine means a better economy. Because of this, would people have to continue working as hard since the prices of products would drop?
• once machines become as smart as men, the economy will double every week or month
• worry that we're barreling toward a future that doesn't take people into account
• strong financial incentives in using technology in ways that aren't necessarily in everyone's interest,
• tasks considered at the core of humanity, such as caring for the elderly or the sick, are being outsourced to empathetic robots
• "We're becoming like the mitochondria. We provide the energy — we turn on the machines," Slonczewski told LiveScience. "But increasingly, they do everything else."

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• people thought of as intelligence was the stuff that impresses us
• is that things such as playing chess have turned out to be incredibly easy for computers, whereas learning to walk and learning to get around in the world without falling over has proved to be unbelievably difficult.
• It took 3 billion years of evolution to produce apes, and then only another 2 million years or so for languages and all the things that we are impressed by to appear.
• So AI is not dead, but re-grouping, and is still being driven,  as always, by testable scientific models.
• The reason is that there is no obvious way of getting from here to there  - to human-level intelligence from the rather useless robots and brittle software programs that we have nowadays
• Robots are more helpless than threatening.
• The argument I am developing is that there may be limits to AI, not because the hypothesis of "strong AI" is false, but for more mundane reasons.
• These silent, pre-linguistic, animal-like machines will be nothing like humans but they will gradually come to seem like a strange sort of animal.
• Machines in the future will be similar,  and the family robot will after a few years be,  like a pet, literally irreplaceable.
• But the latter is not going to happen in our lifetimes (and indeed may never happen, at least not in any straightforward way).
• In the coming decades,  we shouldn't expect that the human race will become extinct and be replaced by robots.
• but any time we expect common sense we will continue to be disappointed  as we have been in the past.
• In conclusion, we won't see full AI in our lives, but we should live to get a good feel for whether or not it is possible, and how it could be achieved by our descendants.

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• getting serious attention from NASA and from Silicon Valley companies like Google
• the question of where the technology might be heading and, more ominously, perhaps, whether computer intelligence will surpass our own, and how quickly.
• ultrasmart computers — machines with “greater than human intelligence”
• machines that will be both self-aware and superhuman in their intelligence, and capable of designing better computers and robots faster than humans can today.
• vast acceleration in technological improvements of all kinds.
• believe deeply in the idea of exponential technological change
• when machine intelligence not only surpassed human intelligence but took over the process of technological invention, with unpredictable consequences.
• global brain — the idea that the planet’s interconnected computers might someday act in a coordinated fashion and perhaps exhibit intelligence.
• humans are more likely to destroy themselves with their technology than create a utopia assisted by superintelligent machines.
• “friendly artificial intelligence,” an engineering discipline that would seek to ensure that future machines would remain our servants or equals rather than our masters.

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• artificial intelligence is rapidly changing how the world thinks and works
• if battles are fought with machines instead of humans, wars might be easier to start
• catastrophic levels of unemployment
• “How will we know when machines are more intelligent than we are?”
• “it was still a server stuffed with answers and a retrieval device to find them.”

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• "The true sign of intelligence is not knowledge but imagination."
• "I know that I am intelligent, because I know that I know nothing."
• Are intelligent people better at storing and retrieving memories?
• What makes some brains smarter than others?
• analytic, linguistic, emotional
• there are different types of intelligence but argued that they are all correlated
• eight distinct types of intelligence
• previous definitions of intelligence are too narrow because they are based solely on intelligences that can be assessed in IQ test
• broken down into three subsets: analytic, creative, and practical
• "While your IQ, which is sort of language logic, will get you behind the desk, if you don’t know how to deal with people, if you don't know how to read yourself, you’re going to end up just staying at that desk forever or eventually being asked to make room for somebody who does have social or emotional intelligence."
• self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, and relationship management.

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• operate in locations that humans can’t reach
• help elderly or disabled people with everyday life
• Some of the roles that robots are expected to play are because we cannot do them as humans
• Unfortunately these roles are not best suited to machines, but to other people. So the question is: why would we prefer a machine do them for us?
• no robot that can match the dexterity of a five-year-old child
• robots are still limited in their ability to sense their environment
• Should we fret if they are underemployed, frustrated, or bored?
• Each generation makes a new definition of what it means to be human and what is uniquely a human quality, then a machine comes along and meets it and so many people despair that humanity is on the brink of its own annihilation
• Expecting a machine close to the creative intelligence of a human within the next 50 years would be highly ambitious.
  
• ensure that robots remain as no more than ‘idiot savants’ – lacking the capacity to outwit us, even though they may greatly surpass us in the ability to calculate and process information.
• All these factors are fused together in the making of artificial intelligence and robots. So we have to ask why it is also so frightening to make this copy?
• many people welcome machine intelligence and see it as wonderful opportunity to create a new life.
• We have already seen the damaging effects of simplest forms of artificial self-replicating intelligence in the form of computer viruses.
• real intelligence is the malicious designer.
• while there may be misuses of robotics in the near future, the benefits that they will bring are likely to outweigh these negative aspects.
• these robots can not interpret what they are seeing for us.

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• I argue in this paper that we are on the edge  of change comparable to the rise of human life on Earth.
• I believe that the creation of greater than  human intelligence will occur during the next thirty years
• call this event a singularity
• From the human point of view this change will be a throwing away  of all the previous rules, perhaps in the blink of an eye, an  exponential runaway beyond any
• Let an ultraintelligent machine be defined as a machine  that can far surpass all the intellectual activities of any  any man however clever.
• After all, till we have hardware as  powerful as a human brain it is probably foolish to think we'll be  able to create human equivalent (or greater) intelligence.
• In  the coming of the Singularity, we are seeing the predictions of _true_  technological unemployment finally come true.
• The rise of humankind. We will be in  the Post-Human era
• A minority felt  that the largest 1992 computers were within three orders of magnitude  of the power of the human brain
• But if the technological Singularity can happen, it will
• He agrees that superhuman intelligences  will be available in the near future -- and that such entities pose a  threat to the human status quo
• I argue that confinement is intrinsically  impractical.
• The physical  extinction of the human race is one possibility
• I have argued above that we cannot prevent the Singularity,  that its coming is an inevitable consequence of the humans' natural  competitiveness and the possibilities inherent in technology
• we are the initiators
• The post-Singularity world will involve extremely  high-bandwidth networking
• discussion of IA would yield   some clearly safer approaches to the Singularity
• From one angle, the vision fits many of our happiest dreams
• Immortality (or at  least a lifetime as long as we can make the universe survive [10]  [4]) would be achievable.

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