Abby Gibson's List: Abby Gibson 1st amendment

• He says he just doesn’t agree anymore that “there’s currently liberty and justice for all.”
• The first time Will remained in his seat was Oct. 5, when a substitute teacher asked him to stand with his classmates and he declined. That went on for a few more days until the issue got personal. In an interview, Will said the sub “got a lot more angry and raised her voice and brought my mom and my grandma up. After a few minutes, I said, ‘with all due respect, ma’am, you can go jump off a bridge
• hey recognize that students cannot be forced to recite the pledge
• West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette, that said students could opt out of recitation. (By the way, Barnette reversed a 1940 Supreme Court decision mandating that children must participate. That case involved another fifth-grader, Billy Gobitis.)
• no official, high or petty, can prescribe what shall be orthodox in politics, nationalism, religion, or other matters of opinion or force citizens to confess by word or act their faith therein."

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• clergyman Francis Bellamy, was first published in 1892 in The Youth's  Companion, a children's magazine for which he worked.
• to bolster the idea that the  middle class could fashion a planned political and social economy, equitable for  all
• President Benjamin Harrison, the pledge was first  used in public schools on Oct. 12, 1892, during Columbus Day observances.
• For Flag Day in 1924, "the  flag of the United States of America" was officially adopted as a substitution  for the phrase "my flag."
• In 1954, the words "under God" were added, after a campaign by the Knights of  Columbus, a Catholic men's service organization, and other religious leaders who  sermonized that the pledge needed to be distinguished from similar orations used  by "godless communists."
• President  Dwight D. Eisenhower that he directed Congress to add the two small but  controversial words.
• In 1988, the elder George Bush made the pledge a presidential campaign issue
• The Senate began reciting the pledge on June 24, 1999,

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• atheist from Sacramento, Calif., filed the case on behalf of his 9-year-old daughter.
• Appeals
• 9th U.S. Circuit Court of
• andra Banning approves entirely of the Pledge of Allegiance as a patriotic exercise at her daughter's school," St

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• 43 require public school students to recite the Pledge of Allegiance. Only one state, Wisconsin, also requires private-school students to do so.
• “Every instructional day in the public schools of this state shall be commenced with a Pledge of Allegiance to the flag of the United States. Pupils who do not wish to participate in this exercise shall be excused from making such Pledge.”
• Pennsylvania had until quite recently the most stringent Pledge requirement: if a student did not wish to recite the Pledge,

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• "I, [NAME], do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will administer justice without respect to persons, and do equal right to the poor and to the rich, and that I will faithfully and impartially discharge and perform all the duties incumbent upon me as [TITLE] under the Constitution and laws of the United States. So help me God."

• duty to place a prospective witness under oath prior to allowing that witness  to present testimony in a trial
• . Oaths are administered to witnesses as a reminder to them of their obligation  to testify truthfully.

• Decided: June 14, 1943  

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• I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America, and to the  republic for which it stands, one nation under God, indivisible, with liberty  and justice for all.
• The Pledge is predominantly sworn by children in public schools in response to  state laws requiring the Pledge to be offered.

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  I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America, and to the  republic for which it stands, one nation under God, indivisible, with liberty  and justice for all.
• I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America, and to the  republic for which it stands, one nation under God, indivisible, with liberty  and justice for all.

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• ruling by the United States  Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit that the words "under God" in the Pledge of Allegiance are an endorsement of  religion, and therefore violate the  Establishment Clause of the First  Amendment to the United States Constitution. The case  was heard by the U.S. Supreme Court, as  Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow.
• did not have standing  to bring the suit on his daughter's behalf. The mother was previously given sole  custody of the daughter. The Ninth Circuit's decision was thus reversed as a  matter of procedural law.

• because of social-political reasons.
• because he felt that, when LGBT persons  cannot marry or adopt children, "there (is not) currently liberty and justice  for all."

• Jehovah's Witnesses
• Barnette overruled a 1940 decision on the same issue, Minersville School District v. Gobitis (also involving the children of Jehovah's Witnesses), in which the Court stated that the proper recourse for dissent was to try and change the school policy democratically.