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"In critical theory, and particularly postmodernism, a metanarrative (from meta-narrative, sometimes also known as a master- or grand narrative) is an abstract idea that is thought to be a comprehensive explanation of historical experience or knowledge. According to John Stephens it "is a global or totalizing cultural narrative schema which orders and explains knowledge and experience".[1] The prefix meta means "beyond" and is here used to mean "about", and a narrative is a story. Therefore, a metanarrative is a story about a story, encompassing and explaining other 'little stories' within totalizing schemes."

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"Reconstructivism is a philosophical theory holding that societies should continually reform themselves in order to establish more perfect governments or social networks.[1] This ideology involves recombining or recontextualizing the ideas arrived at by the philosophy of deconstruction, in which an existing system or medium is broken into its smallest meaningful elements and in which these elements are used to build a new system or medium free from the strictures of the original."

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Information overload - a term coined by Alvin Toffler which refers to an excess amount of info being provided, making processing and absorbing tasks difficult for the individual because sometimes we cannot see the validity behind the info. In a new era of globalization, an increasing number of people are logging onto the internet and are given the ability to produce as well as consume the data accessed on an increasing number of websites. As of February 2007 there were over 108 million distinct websites and increasing. Users are now classified as active users because more people in society are participating in the Digital and Information Age. #The general causes of info overload: *A rapidly increasing rate of new info being produced *The ease of duplication and transmission of data *An increase in the available channels *Large amounts of historical info *Contradictions and inaccuracies *A low signal-to-noise ratio * A lack of a method for comparing and processing

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Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee - an English computer scientist and MIT professor credited with inventing the World Wide Web, making the first proposal for it in March 1989. On 25 December 1990, with the help of Robert Cailliau and a young student staff at CERN, he implemented the first successful communication between an HTTP client and server via the Internet. In 2007, he was ranked Joint First in The Telegraph's list of 100 greatest living geniuses. At CERN from June to Dec. 1980, he proposed a project based on the concept of hypertext, to facilitate sharing and updating infor among researchers. In 1989, CERN was the largest Internet node in Europe, and Berners-Lee saw an opportunity to join hypertext with the Internet. He designed and built the first Web browser, which also functioned as an editor (WorldWideWeb), and the first Web server, CERN HTTPd (HyperText Transfer Protocol daemon). The first Web site built was at CERN, and was first put on line on 6 August 1991.

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Founded in 1965, Giorno Poetry Systems was an American artist collective, record label, and non-profit organisation founded by poet and performance artist John Giorno with the aim to connect poetry and related art forms to a larger audience using innovative ideas, such as communication technology, audiovisual materials and techniques. #CONCEPT: Dial-A-Poem - After having a conversation on the phone with Burroughs in 1968, Giorno initiated the Dial-A-Poem Poets concept, which he claimed would later influence the creation of information services creation over the telephone, such as sports and stock market. 15 phone lines were connected with individual answering machines: people would call GPS and listen to a poem they were offered from fragments of various live recordings. Dial-A-Poem, from 1969 on, was very successful. GPS used a variety of social issues, what with the sexual revolution and the Vietnam War, which would create appeal as well as shock from the reactive community.

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Internet art (often called net art) is art which uses the Internet as its primary medium or platform. Artists working this way are sometimes referred to as net artists. Internet art projects are: "projects for which the Net is both a sufficient and necessary condition of viewing/expressing/participating." – definition by Steve Dietz, former curator in new media at the Walker Art Center in Minneapolis.
Internet art can also happen outside the purely technical structure of the internet, when artists use specific social or cultural traditions from the internet in a project outside of it. Internet art is often, but not always, interactive, participatory and based on multimedia in the broadest sense.

The term Internet art does not necessarily imply work that can be viewed over the internet through a browser, such as photographs uploaded for viewing in an online gallery. Rather, this genre relies intrinsically on the internet to exist, taking advantage of such aspects as an interactive interface and its multiple social, and economic cultures and micro-cultures.

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The Virtuality Continuum - a concept that there's a continuous scale ranging between the completely virtual, a VR, & the completely real: Reality. The reality-virtuality continuum encompasses all variations and compositions of real & virtual objects. The concept was 1st introduced by Paul Milgram. The area between the 2 extremes, where the real & the virtual are mixed, Mixed reality. This consists of both Augmented Reality, where the virtual augments the real, and Augmented virtuality, where the real augments the virtual. Steve Woolgar has established 4 rules of virtuality.
* The way in which media and technology affect people relies on their non-ICT related background..
* Risks and fears in regards to new media and technology are unevenly socially distributed.
* Advancements in media and technology supplement rather than replace existing activities in Reality.
* New media and technology tends to create new kinds of localism rather than furthering globalisation.

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reality virtual_reality newmedia theory philosophy wikipedia

Reality, in everyday usage, means "the state of things as they actually exist". In a sense it is what is real.[1] The term reality, in its widest sense, includes everything that is, whether or not it is observable or comprehensible. Reality in this sense includes being and sometimes is considered to include nothingness, where existence is often restricted to being (compare with nature).
Hand-coloured version of the anonymous wood engraving known as the Flammarion woodcut(1888).

In the strict sense of western philosophy, there are levels or gradation to the nature and conception of reality.
These levels include, from the most subjective to the most rigorous:
* phenomenological reality,
* truth and
* fact.

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In psychology, the online disinhibition effect refers to the way people behave on the Internet with less restraint than in RL situations. The concept is related to the concept of online identity. #BENING DISHIBITION - catharsis effect; # TOXIC DISHIBITION- negative online behavior. # Suler names six primary factors behind why people sometimes act radically differently on the internet than when they do in normal face-to-face situations: 1.You don't know me- when you're anonymous, it provides a sense of protection. 2.You can't see me- when interacting with another person on the Internet is a username/ pseudonym may or may not have anything to do with the real person behind the keyboard. This allows for misrepresentation of a person's true self. 3. See you later- conversations do not happen in real time. 4. It's all in my head- assigning characteristics and traits to a "person." 5. It's just a game- imagination, escapism. 6. We're equals- lack of heirarchy causes changes in interactions

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A sockpuppet is an online identity used for purposes of deception within an online community. In its earliest usage, a sockpuppet was a false identity through which a member of an Internet community speaks with or about himself or herself, pretending to be a different person, like a ventriloquist manipulating a hand puppet.

In current usage, the perception of the term has been extended beyond second identities of people who already post in a forum to include other uses of misleading online identities. #"sock-puppeting" - "the act of creating a fake online identity to praise, defend or create the illusion of support for one’s self, allies or company."

The key difference between a sockpuppet and a regular pseudonym is the pretense that the puppet is a third party who is not affiliated with the puppeteer.

The earliest known usage of the term was on July 9, 1993 by Dana Rollins in a posting to bit.listserv.fnord-l, but the term was not in common usage in USENET groups until 1996.

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Malcolm X was an African-American Muslim minister, public speaker, and human rights activist. To his admirers, he was a courageous advocate for the rights of African Americans, a man who indicted white America in the harshest terms for its crimes against black Americans. He has been described as one of the greatest and most influential African Americans in history. He is responsible for the spread of Islam in the black community in the US.

In the late 1960s, as black activists became more radical, Malcolm X and his teachings were part of the foundation on which they built their movements. The Black Power movement, the Black Arts Movement, and the widespread adoption of the slogan "Black is beautiful" can all trace their roots to Malcolm X.

During the late 1980s and early 1990s, there was a resurgence of interest in Malcolm X among young people fueled, in part, by his use as an icon by hip hop groups such as Public Enemy.

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Dissociative identity disorder (DID), as defined by the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), is a psychiatric diagnosis that describes a condition in which a single person displays multiple distinct identities or personalities (known as alter egos or alters), each with its own pattern of perceiving and interacting with the environment. The diagnosis requires that at least two personalities routinely take control of the individual's behavior with an associated memory loss that goes beyond normal forgetfulness; in addition, symptoms cannot be due to drug use or medical condition.

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The multiverse (or meta-universe (metaverse)) is the hypothetical set of multiple possible universes (including our universe) that together comprise all of reality. The different universes within the multiverse are sometimes called parallel universes. The structure of the multiverse, the nature of each universe within it and the relationship between the various constituent universes, depend on the specific multiverse hypothesis considered.

Multiverses have been hypothesized in cosmology, physics, astronomy, philosophy, transpersonal psychology and fiction, particularly in science fiction and fantasy. The specific term "multiverse" was coined in 1895 by psychologist William James. In these contexts, parallel universes are also called "alternative universes", "quantum universes", "interpenetrating dimensions", "parallel worlds", "alternative realities", "alternative timelines", etc.

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philosophy theory science wikipedia

*Die Gestalt is a German word for form or shape. It is used in English to refer to a concept of 'wholeness.' *Gestalt psychology or gestaltism is a theory of mind and brain that proposes that the operational principle of the brain is holistic, parallel, and analog, with self-organizing tendencies; or, that the whole is different from the sum of its parts. The Gestalt effect refers to the form-forming capability of our senses, particularly with respect to the visual recognition of figures and whole forms instead of just a collection of simple lines and curves. *Gestalt therapy is an existential and experiential psychotherapy that focuses on the individual's experience in the present moment, the therapist-client relationship, the environmental and social contexts in which these things take place, and the self-regulating adjustments people make as a result of the overall situation. It emphasizes personal responsibility.

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Consensus reality is an approach to answering 'What is real?', a profound philosophical question, it is almost invariably used to refer to human consensus reality. It gives a practical answer-reality is either what exists, or what we can agree by consensus seems to exist. The term is usually used disparagingly as by implication it may mean little more than "what a group or culture chooses to believe" and challenges the notion of "true reality". In considering the nature of reality, 2 broad approaches exist: the realist approach, in which there is a single objective overall space-time reality believed to exist irrespective of the perceptions of any given individual, and the idealistic approach, in which it is considered that an individual can verify little except his own experience of the world, and can never directly know the truth of the world separate from that.

Consensus reality may be understood by studying socially constructed reality, a subject within the sociology of knowledge.

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philosophy reality wikipedia psychology sociology

In publishing and graphic design, lorem ipsum is the name given to commonly used placeholder text to demonstrate the graphic elements of a document or visual presentation, such as font, typography, and layout.
Even though using "lorem ipsum" often arouses curiosity due to its resemblance to classical Latin, it is not intended to have meaning. Where text is visible in a document, people tend to focus on the textual content rather than upon overall presentation, so publishers use lorem ipsum when displaying a typeface or design in order to direct the focus to presentation. MEANING: Nor again is there anyone who loves or pursues or desires to obtain pain of itself, because it is pain, but because occasionally circumstances occur in which toil and pain can procure him some great pleasure. To take a trivial example, which of us ever undertakes laborious physical exercise, except to obtain some advantage from it?...

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The term unknown unknown refers to circumstances or outcomes that were not conceived of by an observer at a given point in time. The meaning of the term becomes more clear when it is contrasted with the known unknown, which refers to circumstances or outcomes that are known to be possible, but it is unknown whether or not they will be realized. The term is used in project planning and decision analysis to explain that any model of the future can only be informed by information that is currently available to the observer and, as such, faces substantial limitations and unknown risk.
“There are known knowns. There are things we know that we know. There are known unknowns. That is to say, there are things that we now know we don’t know. But there are also unknown unknowns. There are things we do not know we don’t know. ”
Which is clearly a take on Thoreau: "To know that we know what we know, and that we do not know what we do not know, that is true knowledge."

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Simulacrum from the Latin simulacrum which means "likeness, similarity", is first used in the late 16th century to describe a representation of another thing, such as a statue or a painting, especially of a god; by the late 19th century, it had gathered a secondary association of inferiority: an image without the substance or qualities of the original. Philosopher Frederic Jameson offers photorealism as an example of artistic simulacrum, where a painting is created by copying a photograph that is itself a copy of the real. Other art forms that play with simulacra include Trompe l'oeil, Pop Art, Italian neorealism and the French New Wave. Modern French social theorist Jean Baudrillard argues that a simulacrum is not a copy of the real, but becomes truth in its own right: the hyperreal. Where Plato saw two steps of reproduction — faithful and intentionally distorted (simulacrum) — Baudrillard sees four: (1) basic reflection of reality, (2) perversion of reality; (3) pretence of reality (where there is no model); and (4) simulacrum, which “bears no relation to any reality whatsoever.” Baudrillard uses the concept of god as an example of simulacrum. In Baudrillard’s concept, like Nietzsche’s, simulacra are perceived as negative, but another modern philosopher who addressed the topic, Gilles Deleuze, takes a different view, seeing simulacra as the avenue by which accepted ideals or “privileged position” could be “challenged and overturned.”

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Charles-Édouard Jeanneret-Gris, who chose to be known as Le Corbusier was a Swiss-French architect, designer, urbanist, writer and also painter, who is famous for being one of the pioneers of what now is called Modern architecture or the International Style.

He was a pioneer in studies of modern high design and was dedicated to providing better living conditions for the residents of crowded cities. Le Corbusier's early work was related to nature, but as his ideas matured, he developed the Maison-Domino, a basic building prototype for mass production with free-standing pillars and rigid floors. In 1917 he settled in Paris where he issued his book Vers une architecture [Towards a New Architecture].

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Søren Aabye Kierkegaard was a prolific 19th century Danish philosopher and theologian. Much of his work deals with religious themes such as faith in God, the institution of the Christian Church, Christian ethics and theology, and the emotions and feelings of individuals when faced with life choices. Kierkegaard stressed the importance of the self and argued that "subjectivity is truth" and "truth is subjectivity."

Kierkegaard left the task of discovering the meaning of his works to the reader, because "the task must be made difficult, for only the difficult inspires the noble-hearted". Scholars have interpreted Kierkegaard variously as an existentialist, neo-orthodoxist, postmodernist, humanist, and individualist. Crossing the boundaries of philosophy, theology, psychology, and literature, he is an influential figure in contemporary thought.

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