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philosophy postmodernism theory reference

"In critical theory, and particularly postmodernism, a metanarrative (from meta-narrative, sometimes also known as a master- or grand narrative) is an abstract idea that is thought to be a comprehensive explanation of historical experience or knowledge. According to John Stephens it "is a global or totalizing cultural narrative schema which orders and explains knowledge and experience".[1] The prefix meta means "beyond" and is here used to mean "about", and a narrative is a story. Therefore, a metanarrative is a story about a story, encompassing and explaining other 'little stories' within totalizing schemes."

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philosophy postmodernism wikipedia

"Reconstructivism is a philosophical theory holding that societies should continually reform themselves in order to establish more perfect governments or social networks.[1] This ideology involves recombining or recontextualizing the ideas arrived at by the philosophy of deconstruction, in which an existing system or medium is broken into its smallest meaningful elements and in which these elements are used to build a new system or medium free from the strictures of the original."

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theory philosophy technology digital_culture

The Virtuality Continuum - a concept that there's a continuous scale ranging between the completely virtual, a VR, & the completely real: Reality. The reality-virtuality continuum encompasses all variations and compositions of real & virtual objects. The concept was 1st introduced by Paul Milgram. The area between the 2 extremes, where the real & the virtual are mixed, Mixed reality. This consists of both Augmented Reality, where the virtual augments the real, and Augmented virtuality, where the real augments the virtual. Steve Woolgar has established 4 rules of virtuality.
* The way in which media and technology affect people relies on their non-ICT related background..
* Risks and fears in regards to new media and technology are unevenly socially distributed.
* Advancements in media and technology supplement rather than replace existing activities in Reality.
* New media and technology tends to create new kinds of localism rather than furthering globalisation.

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reality virtual_reality newmedia theory philosophy wikipedia

Reality, in everyday usage, means "the state of things as they actually exist". In a sense it is what is real.[1] The term reality, in its widest sense, includes everything that is, whether or not it is observable or comprehensible. Reality in this sense includes being and sometimes is considered to include nothingness, where existence is often restricted to being (compare with nature).
Hand-coloured version of the anonymous wood engraving known as the Flammarion woodcut(1888).

In the strict sense of western philosophy, there are levels or gradation to the nature and conception of reality.
These levels include, from the most subjective to the most rigorous:
* phenomenological reality,
* truth and
* fact.

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reality wikipedia philosophy research

#the contemporary self wants to be recognized, wants to be connected: It wants to be visible. If not to the millions, on Survivor or Oprah, then to the hundreds, on Twitter or Facebook. This is the quality that validates us, this is how we become real to ourselves — by being seen by others. The great contemporary terror is anonymity. If Lionel Trilling was right, if the property that grounded the self, in Romanticism, was sincerity, and in modernism it was authenticity, then in postmodernism it is visibility.

# So we live exclusively in relation to others, and what disappears from our lives is solitude. Technology is taking away our privacy and our concentration, but it is also taking away our ability to be alone.

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culture cultural_anthropology psychology socialnetworking sociology philosophy social

Saussure's 'theory of the sign' defined a sign as being made up of the matched pair of signifier and signified.\n\nThe SIGNIFIER is the pointing finger, the word, the sound-image.\n\nA word is simply a jumble of letters. The pointing finger is not the star. It is in the interpretation of the signifier that meaning is created.\n\nThe SIGNIFIED is the concept, the meaning, the thing indicated by the signifier. It need not be a 'real object' but is some referent to which the signifier refers.\n\nThe thing signified is created in the perceiver and is internal to them. Whilst we share concepts, we do so via signifiers.\n\nWhilst the signifier is more stable, the signified varies between people and contexts.\n\nThe signified does stabilize with habit, as the signifier cues thoughts and images.

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theory philosophy

philosophical anthropology: "What does it mean to be a human being?" and "What is my place in the cosmos?" These were the key questions of philosophical anthropology and a number of my essays explore these issues, especially in their relation to technology and the digital culture.

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philosophy anthropology digital_culture posthuman digital_identity research

* each of us is a community of competing selves, with the happiness of one often causing the misery of another. It might explain why we insist on spending so much of our lives in worlds­—like TV shows and novels and virtual-reality experiences—that don’t actually exist * exploring alternative identities seems to be what the Internet was invented for. Sherry Turkle has found that people commonly create avatars so as to explore their options in a relatively safe environment. She describes how one 16-yr-old girl with an abusive father tried out multiple characters online—a 16-yr-old boy, a stronger, more assertive girl—to try to work out what to do in the real world. But often the shift in identity is purely for pleasure. A man can have an alternate identity as a woman; a heterosexual can explore homosexuality; a shy person can try being the life of the party * Online alternative worlds such as WoW and SL are growing in popularity, & some people now spend more time online than in the RL

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psychology happiness personality self philosophy

The multiverse (or meta-universe (metaverse)) is the hypothetical set of multiple possible universes (including our universe) that together comprise all of reality. The different universes within the multiverse are sometimes called parallel universes. The structure of the multiverse, the nature of each universe within it and the relationship between the various constituent universes, depend on the specific multiverse hypothesis considered.

Multiverses have been hypothesized in cosmology, physics, astronomy, philosophy, transpersonal psychology and fiction, particularly in science fiction and fantasy. The specific term "multiverse" was coined in 1895 by psychologist William James. In these contexts, parallel universes are also called "alternative universes", "quantum universes", "interpenetrating dimensions", "parallel worlds", "alternative realities", "alternative timelines", etc.

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philosophy theory science wikipedia

*Die Gestalt is a German word for form or shape. It is used in English to refer to a concept of 'wholeness.' *Gestalt psychology or gestaltism is a theory of mind and brain that proposes that the operational principle of the brain is holistic, parallel, and analog, with self-organizing tendencies; or, that the whole is different from the sum of its parts. The Gestalt effect refers to the form-forming capability of our senses, particularly with respect to the visual recognition of figures and whole forms instead of just a collection of simple lines and curves. *Gestalt therapy is an existential and experiential psychotherapy that focuses on the individual's experience in the present moment, the therapist-client relationship, the environmental and social contexts in which these things take place, and the self-regulating adjustments people make as a result of the overall situation. It emphasizes personal responsibility.

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psychology philosophy psychoanalysis wikipedia

Consensus reality is an approach to answering 'What is real?', a profound philosophical question, it is almost invariably used to refer to human consensus reality. It gives a practical answer-reality is either what exists, or what we can agree by consensus seems to exist. The term is usually used disparagingly as by implication it may mean little more than "what a group or culture chooses to believe" and challenges the notion of "true reality". In considering the nature of reality, 2 broad approaches exist: the realist approach, in which there is a single objective overall space-time reality believed to exist irrespective of the perceptions of any given individual, and the idealistic approach, in which it is considered that an individual can verify little except his own experience of the world, and can never directly know the truth of the world separate from that.

Consensus reality may be understood by studying socially constructed reality, a subject within the sociology of knowledge.

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philosophy reality wikipedia psychology sociology

The term unknown unknown refers to circumstances or outcomes that were not conceived of by an observer at a given point in time. The meaning of the term becomes more clear when it is contrasted with the known unknown, which refers to circumstances or outcomes that are known to be possible, but it is unknown whether or not they will be realized. The term is used in project planning and decision analysis to explain that any model of the future can only be informed by information that is currently available to the observer and, as such, faces substantial limitations and unknown risk.
“There are known knowns. There are things we know that we know. There are known unknowns. That is to say, there are things that we now know we don’t know. But there are also unknown unknowns. There are things we do not know we don’t know. ”
Which is clearly a take on Thoreau: "To know that we know what we know, and that we do not know what we do not know, that is true knowledge."

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philosophy GTK wikipedia

A few of the 20th century models of the self and their theorists:

* Sigmund Freud: id, ego, superego
* Carl Jung: archetypes
* Wilhelm Reich: character armoring
* Erik Erikson: stages of maturation
* Victor Turner: rites of passage
* R. D. Laing: character attributions
* Myers-Briggs Personality Profile
* Erving Goffman: the self as actor
* Hakim Bey: the nomadic self, temporary autonomous zones
* Giles Deleuze: desiring machines, nomads
* Psychographic profiles

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identity research philosophy digital_identity

Simulacrum from the Latin simulacrum which means "likeness, similarity", is first used in the late 16th century to describe a representation of another thing, such as a statue or a painting, especially of a god; by the late 19th century, it had gathered a secondary association of inferiority: an image without the substance or qualities of the original. Philosopher Frederic Jameson offers photorealism as an example of artistic simulacrum, where a painting is created by copying a photograph that is itself a copy of the real. Other art forms that play with simulacra include Trompe l'oeil, Pop Art, Italian neorealism and the French New Wave. Modern French social theorist Jean Baudrillard argues that a simulacrum is not a copy of the real, but becomes truth in its own right: the hyperreal. Where Plato saw two steps of reproduction — faithful and intentionally distorted (simulacrum) — Baudrillard sees four: (1) basic reflection of reality, (2) perversion of reality; (3) pretence of reality (where there is no model); and (4) simulacrum, which “bears no relation to any reality whatsoever.” Baudrillard uses the concept of god as an example of simulacrum. In Baudrillard’s concept, like Nietzsche’s, simulacra are perceived as negative, but another modern philosopher who addressed the topic, Gilles Deleuze, takes a different view, seeing simulacra as the avenue by which accepted ideals or “privileged position” could be “challenged and overturned.”

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philosophy theory technology psychology culture simulation

Sigmund Freud, was an Austrian psychiatrist who founded the psychoanalytic school of psychology. Freud is best known for his theories of the unconscious mind and the defense mechanism of repression and for creating the clinical practice of psychoanalysis for curing psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst. He postulated that there are a number of defense mechanisms that protect the conscious mind from the harsher aspects of reality and made conscious recognition of these forgotten experiences the foundation of psychoanalytic therapy. Freud is also renowned for his redefinition of sexual desire as the primary motivational energy of human life, as well as his therapeutic techniques, including the use of free association, his theory of transference in the therapeutic relationship, and the interpretation of dreams as sources of insight into unconscious desires.

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philosophy psychology psychoanalysis people

Even more than before, an anthropology of the internet relies on auto-ethnography, on fieldwork as personal experience. We each enter it through a unique trajectory. The world constituted by this ‘network of networks’ does not exist out there, independently of our own individual experience of it. Nor is the internet ‘the world’, but rather an online world to which we all bring the particulars of our place in society offline. In reaching for the human meaning of the internet, we need to combine introspection and personal judgment with comparative ethnography and world history. Each of us embarks on a journey outward into the world and inward into the self. We are, as Durkheim said, at once collective and individual. The digital revolution is driven by a desire to replicate at distance or by means of computers experiences that we normally associate with face-to-face human encounters. All communication, whether the exchange of words or money, has a virtual aspect in that symbols and their media of circulation stand for what people really do for each other. It usually involves the exercise of imagination, an ability to construct meanings across the gap between symbol and reality. The power of the book depended for so long on sustaining that leap of faith in the possibility of human communication. In that sense, capitalism was always virtual. The idea of virtual reality goes to the heart of the matter. It expresses the form of movement that interests me — extension from the actual to the possible. ‘Virtual’ means existing in the mind, but not in fact. When combined with ‘reality’, it means a product of the imagination that is almost but not quite real. In technical terms, ‘virtual reality’ is a computer simulation that enables the effects of operations to be shown in real time. The word ‘real’ connotes something genuine, authentic, serious. In philosophy it means existing objectively in the world; in economics it is actual purchasing power; in law it is fixed, landed property; in optics it is an image formed by the co

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philosophy anthropology cyber_anthropology internet

Søren Aabye Kierkegaard was a prolific 19th century Danish philosopher and theologian. Much of his work deals with religious themes such as faith in God, the institution of the Christian Church, Christian ethics and theology, and the emotions and feelings of individuals when faced with life choices. Kierkegaard stressed the importance of the self and argued that "subjectivity is truth" and "truth is subjectivity."

Kierkegaard left the task of discovering the meaning of his works to the reader, because "the task must be made difficult, for only the difficult inspires the noble-hearted". Scholars have interpreted Kierkegaard variously as an existentialist, neo-orthodoxist, postmodernist, humanist, and individualist. Crossing the boundaries of philosophy, theology, psychology, and literature, he is an influential figure in contemporary thought.

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philosophy postmodernism psychology wikipedia