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"For most of the 20th century, prisoners' stays in solitary confinement were relatively short. "People would get thrown in 'the hole' for a couple days at a time, maybe a couple weeks at a time," says Craig Haney, PhD, a social psychologist at the University of California, Santa Cruz, whose research has explored the psychological effects of incarceration.

That's changed over the last two decades or so. "Now they're in the hole for years at a time," he says. Over the last 20 years, so-called "supermax" prisons have become increasingly popular. There, tens of thousands of inmates spend years locked in small cells for 23 to 24 hours a day.."

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"I am primarily interested in social networks and social psychology. How do our cognitive assets and limitations shape our social network structures? How does innovation emerge from conformity? I use a variety of experimental, quasi-experimental, and non-experimental methods to investigate these issues both with student populations and representative samples of larger groups. My research also addresses social isolation, the differences in network structures between males and females, and the amounts and types of resources that individuals can gain access to via their networks. "

people acdemic research sociology social-networks isolation