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ABSTRACT
Guidelines for designing information charts often state that the presentation should reduce ‗chart junk‘ – visual embellishments that are not essential to understanding the data. In contrast, some popular chart designers wrap the presented data in detailed and elaborate imagery, raising the questions of whether this imagery is really as detrimental to understanding as has been proposed, and whether the visual embellishment may have other benefits. To investigate these issues, we conducted an experiment that compared embellished charts with plain ones, and measured both interpretation accuracy and long-term recall. We found that people‘s accuracy in describing the embellished charts was no worse than for plain charts, and that their recall after a two-to-three-week gap was significantly better. Although we are cautious about recommending that all charts be produced in this style, our results question some of the premises of the minimalist approach to chart design.

2010 Canada HCI Tobii eye tracking information visualization embellishment charts interpretation recall comprehension memorability

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
Eye movement recordings produce large quantities of spatio-temporal data, and are more and more frequently used as an aid to gain further insight into human thinking in usability studies in GIScience domain among others. After reviewing some common visualization methods for eye movement data, the limitations of these methods are discussed. This paper proposes an approach that enables the use of the Space-Time-Cube (STC) for representation of eye movement recordings. Via interactive functions in the STC, spatio-temporal patterns in eye movement data could be analyzed. A case study is presented according to proposed solutions for eye movement data analysis. Finally, the advantages and limitations of using the STC to visually analyze eye movement recordings are summarized and discussed.

Netherlands 2010 Tobii eye tracking X120 visualization methods gaze data Space-Time-Cube representation

in list: General Eye Tracking

ABSTRACT
We introduce an algorithm for space-variant filtering of video based on a spatio-temporal Laplacian pyramid and use this algorithm to render videos in order to visualize prerecorded eye movements. Spatio-temporal contrast and colour saturation are reduced as a function of distance to the nearest gaze point of regard, i.e. non-fixated, distracting regions are filtered out, whereas fixated image regions remain unchanged. Results of an experiment in which the eye movements of an expert on instructional videos are visualized with this algorithm, so that the gaze of novices is guided to relevant image locations, show that this visualization technique facilitates the novices' perceptual learning.

Germany 2010 Tobii eye tracking 1750 visualization perception learning filtering spatial video

in list: Eye Tracking Technology

ABSTRACT
Gaze visualizations hold the potential to facilitate usability studies of interactive systems. However, visual gaze analysis in three-dimensional virtual environments still lacks methods and techniques for aggregating attentional representations. We propose three novel gaze visualizations for the application in such environments: projected, object-based, and surface-based attentional maps. These techniques provide an overview of how visual attention is distributed across a scene, among different models, and across a model’s surface. Two user studies conducted among eye tracking and visualization experts approve the high value of these techniques for the fast evaluation of eye tracking studies in virtual environments.

Canada 2010 Tobii eye tracking 1750 3d visualization maps attention virtual Usability aggregation

in list: Eye Tracking Technology

"ABSTRACT
Although heat maps are commonly provided by eye-tracking and visualization tools, they have some disadvantages and caution must be taken when using them to draw conclusions on eye tracking results. It is motivated here that visual span is an essential component of visualizations of eye-tracking data and an algorithm is proposed to allow the analyst to set the visual span as a parameter prior to generation of a heat map.
Although the ideas are not novel, the algorithm also indicates how transparency of the heat map can be achieved and how the color gradient can be generated to represent the probability for an object to be observed within the defined visual span. The optional addition of contour lines provides a way to visualize separate intervals in the continuous color map.

South Africa 2010 Tobii tracking 1750 eye visualization heatmaps generation characteristics

in list: Eye Tracking Technology

ABSTRACT
Effective graphics are essential for understanding complex information and completing tasks. To assess graphic effectiveness, eye tracking methods can help provide a deeper understanding of scanning strategies that underlie more traditional, high-level accuracy and task completion time results. Eye tracking methods entail many challenges, such as defining fixations, assigning fixations to areas of interest, choosing appropriate metrics, addressing potential errors in gaze location, and handling scanning interruptions. Special considerations are also required designing, preparing, and conducting eye tracking studies. An illustrative eye tracking study was conducted to assess the differences in scanning within and between bar, line, and spider graphs, to determine which graphs best support relative comparisons along several dimensions. There was excessive scanning to locate the correct bar graph in easier tasks. Scanning across bar and line graph dimensions before comparing across graphs was evident in harder tasks. There was repeated scanning between the same dimension of two spider graphs, implying a greater cognitive demand from scanning in a circle that contains multiple linear dimensions, than from scanning the linear axes of bar and line graphs. With appropriate task design and targeted analysis metrics, eye tracking techniques can illuminate visual scanning patterns hidden by more traditional time and accuracy results.

USA China 2010 Tobii eye tracking T60 evaluation visualization graphic bar line spider graphs understanding scanning strategies Cognitive Behavioral

in list: Cognitive & Behavioural Psychology

ABSTRACT
Eye tracking heatmaps have become very popular and easy to create over the last few years. They are very compelling and can be effective in summarizing and communicating data. However, heatmaps are often used incorrectly and for the wrong reasons. In addition, many do not include all the information that is necessary for proper interpretation. This paper describes several types of heatmaps as representations of different aspects of visual attention, and provides guidance on when to use and how to interpret heatmaps. It explains how heatmaps are created and how their appearance can be modified by manipulating different display settings. Guidelines for proper use of heatmaps are also proposed.

USA 2009 technology Tobii eye tracking heatmaps heat map proper use attention duration count visualization communicate interpretation representation

in list: Eye Tracking Technology

ABSTRACT
Explanatory visualization is a promising approach that has been used in many tutoring systems. This paper presents an attempt to assess the value of adaptation in the context of explanatory visualization. It shows that a system employing a user model and tracking users’ progress gives students an opportunity to interact with larger amount of material in the same amount of time.

USA 2008 Cognitive Behavioral Tobii eye tracking 1750 explanatory visualization progress interact material progressive user adaptation

in list: Cognitive & Behavioural Psychology

ABSTRACT
Addressing data visualization challenges typically involves applying lessons from visualization theory to inform design and implementation approaches. This process is shaped to a large extent by the availability of tools that are aimed at enabling visualization designers to focus on visualization design rather than on low-level software engineering. Recently, such tools have become powerful enough to be used effectively. We discuss the ideation process informing our design approach and describe the use of Macromedia Flash MX 2004 for the rapid prototyping of a gaze data visualization tool. We highlight selected gaze data visualization ideas to illustrate the most innovative aspects of our design. In particular, we explain our strategy to reveal the underlying mechanisms that produce the summarizing visual constructs and why this is important. We introduce a new technique for visualizing gaze data for dynamic stimuli. The novelty of this approach is that it avoids the traditional frame-by-frame analyses typically carried out for such stimuli.

USA 2004 Opthalmology Vision Tobii visualization design eye tracking saccade fixation animation frame

in list: Ophthalmology & Vision science

ABSTRACT
Objective: Computational models of identification and relative comparison tasks performed on color-coded data visualizations were presented and evaluated against two experiments. In this context, the possibility of a dual-use color scale, useful for both tasks, was explored, and the use of the legend was a major focus. Background: Multicolored scales are superior to ordered brightness scales for identification tasks, such as determining the absolute numeric value of a represented item, whereas ordered brightness scales are superior for relative comparison tasks, such as determining which of two represented items has a greater value. Method: Computational models were constructed for these tasks, and their predictions were compared with the results of two experiments. Results: The models fit the experimental results well. A multicolored, brightness-ordered dual-use scale supported high accuracy on both tasks and fast responses on a comparison task but relatively slower responses on the identification task. Conclusion: Identification tasks are solved by a serial visual search of the legend, whose speed and accuracy are a function of the discriminability of the color scales. Comparison tasks with multicolored scales are performed by a parallel search of the legend; with brightness scales, comparison tasks are generally solved by a direct comparison between colors on the visualization, without reference to the legend. Finally, it is possible to provide users a dual-use color scale effective on both tasks. Application: Trade-offs that must typically be made in the design of color-coded visualizations between speed and accuracy or between identification and comparison tasks may be mitigated.

USA 2009 color data visualization identification search comparison legend brightness cognitive Behavioral Tobii 1750 eye tracking

in list: Cognitive & Behavioural Psychology

Introduction
The growing interest in using eye-movements for human-computer interaction has also increased the need for tools to investigate and analyse the behavior of human eyes [1]. First such tools were developed around the same time when the first eye trackers became available. However, these tools were bound to the structure of data produced by a specific eye tracker, and thus each tool supported only the eye tracker for which it was developed. This hampered introduction of next-generation devices and required a lot of effort to transfer the functionality of the tools developed to new platforms. Nowadays, there are many commercial and academic products available for researchers in this field and the quality and accuracy of eye-tracking devices are constantly increasing. Several researchers have attempted developing tools for supporting analysis of the data recorded with different eye trackers [2, 3]. This way the same software could support different data protocols and formats. Meanwhile, several manufactures released eye trackers having protocols for data transfer and collection that can be recognized by some most intelligent and advanced gaze-data analysis tools. However, there is still a lack of effective tools to support various eye trackers in recording eye movements and using this data in real time. Despite the numerous methods developed for analysing and visualizing gaze paths, no universal tools are available yet to accomplish this. To fill in this gap, we developed iComponent - a software product with a highly flexible architecture for easy development of interchangeable plug-in modules to support various eye-tracking devices and experimental software. This paper describes the main functionality of iComponent related to gathering, analysis and visualization of eye gaze data. The presentation is organized in the following sequence. First, the login manager is introduced. Then, the paper describes the Quick Start wizard used to help the user prepare for a data recording or analysis session. Finally..

HCI Software Gaze Path Analysis and Tobii eye tracking Visualization Finland 2006

in list: HCI & Usability , General Eye Tracking

Abstract
Many recently developed information visualization techniques are radial variants of originally Cartesian visualizations. Almost none of these radial variants have been evaluated with respect to their benefits over their original visualizations. In this work we compare a radial and a Cartesian variant of a visualization tool for sequences of transactions in information hierarchies. The Timeline Trees (TLT) approach uses a Cartesian coordinate system to represent both the hierarchy and the sequence of transactions whereas the TimeRadarTrees (TRT) technique is the radial counterpart which makes use of a radial tree, as well as circle slices and sectors to show the sequence of transactions. For the evaluation we use both quantitative as well as qualitative evaluation methods including eye tracking.

Cartesian vs. Radial HCI visualization Tools TLT TRT eye tracking Germany 2008 Tobii X50

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
Empirical evaluation of visualizations has so far been typically carried out by measuring the performance of participants that have been shown the visualization in relation to control group by grading programming tasks. Such studies tell little about what effects take place during the visualizations and how these effects build up into the learning effects. To address these issues, we are carrying out a series of experiments using visualization tools whose long-term effects are known.This paper presents a model of the cognitive phenomena that take place during visualization viewing sessions and describes an experiment where two visualization tools that differed in the amount of animation were used. The results show that even when participants were provided with rich visual information in the form of animations, they resorted heavily to the textual cues present on the screen. As the animation proceeded, participants started to follow visual cues more closely. However, if the names of the variables involved in the current operation were not in the visually cued area, participants tended to search for them in the program code. In the absence of animation, participants were more eager to browse the code in general.

HCI Human factors mental models program visualization programming education knowledge roles of variables eye tracking Finland 2006 Tobii ClearView

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT:
This paper proposes combining traditional usability methods with the analysis of eye movement recordings to evaluate interactive map interfaces, and presents a case study in support of this approach. The case study evaluates two informationally equivalent, but differently designed online interactive map interfaces presented to novice users. In a mixed factorial experiment, thirty participants were asked to solve three typical map-use tasks using one of the two interfaces; we then measured user satisfaction, efficiency (completion time) and effectiveness (accuracy) with standard SEE usability metrics. While traditional (bottom line) usability metrics can reveal a range of usability problems, they may be enhanced by additional procedural measures such as eye movement recordings.
Eye movements have been shown to help reveal the amount of cognitive processing a display requires and where these cognitive resources are required. Therefore, we can establish how a display may or may not facilitate task completion by analyzing eye movement recordings. User satisfaction information related to tested stimuli (i.e., collected through standardized questionnaires) can also be linked to eye tracking data for further analysis. We hope that the presented methodology and case study will help cartographers and map interface designers to better identify design issues in their products,and that these insights will eventually lead to more effective and efficient online map interfaces.

HCI Geographic visualization human computer interaction eye movement analysis interactive maps interface evaluation tracking Zwitserland 2009 Tobii X120

in list: HCI & Usability

Abstract
The increase in usage of eyetracking technology to study text translation processes has revealed the need for effective tools for
visualization of the data collected. We propose a new method for gaze and keystroke data visualization. The visualization utilizes the preprocessed gaze data, where detected fixations are linked to the corresponding word in the text. The blocks of reading and typing processes are shown in parallel with details for each word presented in word bars. Reading or typing sequences provide insight into the temporal distribution of the subject’s activity, and highlighting pops up the unusual or attentionrequiring data and events.

gaze data analysis and keystroke visualization toword mapping eye tracking translation Finland 2008 Tobii

in list: Linguistics , Eye Control

Abstract
To evaluate differences across viewers' visual attentional patterns, scanpath comparison has recently gained popularity in eye tracking studies, supplementing traditional objective (performance) and subjective measures (e.g., heat maps or [retrospective] talk-aloud). We introduce iComp, an open-source visualization tool that implements quantitative scanpath comparison in loci and sequence. iComp can be used to objectively compare the attentional qualities of synthetic images.

Tool Scanpath Visualization Comparison RTA compare attentional qualities images eye tracking USA 2006 Tobii 1750

in list: HCI & Usability

Abstract
Existing static visualization techniques for eye-tracking data do not make it possible to easily compare temporal information, that is, gaze paths. We review existing techniques and then propose a new technique that treats time as the prime attribute to be visualized. We successfully used the new technique for analysing the visual scanning of web search results listings. Based on our experiences, the new visualization is a valuable tool when the temporal order of visiting Areas of Interest (AOI) is the main focus in the analysis, the AOIs have a natural linear order, there are many AOIs to produce interesting patterns, and the AOIs fill most of the coordinate space being studied.

HCI usability Man machine relation AOI Visual search Information retrieval Gaze Temporal databases Visualization User interface Tobii eye tracking

in list: HCI & Usability

Introduction
Visualizing gaze data is an effective way for the quick interpretation of eye tracking results. In the two general application areas of eye tracking, diagnostics and interaction (Duchowski, 2002), recently there has been put much effort into gaze interaction for three-dimensional (3D) virtual environments (VEs) (Castellina and Corno, 2008; Isokoski and Martin, 2006; Smith and Graham, 2006). However, since diagnostic studies benefit from visualizations of eye tracking data for understanding complex relationships between gaze behavior and stimuli, developing visualization techniques for 3D VEs is a fundamental next step in eye tracking research. A classification of gaze visualization techniques by Špakov (Špakov, 2008, pp. 37-49) emphasized the limited variety of suitable techniques for 3D stimuli. The most widely used procedure for investigating gaze data for dynamic and 3D stimuli is to analyze superimposed gaze plots over video recordings on a frame-by-frame basis. This quickly results in a monotonous and time-consuming process. The lack of suitable techniques for a more efficient gaze analysis of 3D VEs results in the desire for enhanced procedures. Such techniques may provide quick insights into gaze behavior for evaluative studies of, for example, digital games, model designs, and product placement in virtual worlds. The purpose of the research presented here is to establish a foundation for improving gaze visualizations of eye tracking data. We conducted a survey with professionals and researchers working with different stimulus types to find out more about the importance of gaze visualizations and general requirements for improved eye tracking analysis. This research aims at gaining a formal understanding of gaze visualization techniques and applying this knowledge to the design and development of novel visualizations especially for VEs. In this paper, preliminary findings from mixed-method (some quantitative, but a major emphasis on qualitative) questions will be presented and discussed in...

HCI Gaze visualization trends virtual environments qualitative and quantitative survey eye tracking Germany 2009 Tobii

in list: HCI & Usability

Abstract
Program comprehension processes have previously been studied
using methodologies such as think-aloud or comprehension summary
analysis. Eye-tracking, however, has not been previously
widely applied to studies of behavioral aspects of programming.
We present a study in which program comprehension was investigated
with a help of a remote eye-tracker. Novice and intermediate
programmers used a program visualization tool to aid their comprehension while the location of fixations, fixation durations and attention switching between the areas of interest were recorded.
In this paper 1) we propose an approach how to investigate trends
in repeated-measures sparse-data of few cases captured by an eyetracker and 2) using this technique, we characterize the development of program comprehension strategies during dynamic program visualization with help of eye-movement data.

eye-movement tracking methodology psychology of programming program comprehension visualization eye Finland 2006 Tobii

in list: Eye Tracking Technology

ABSTRACT
The paper advocates the use of eye movement measurements in
conducting empirical studies of software engineering tools,
especially visualization techniques. Traditionally, measures such
as accuracy and performance time have been used to assess and
compare different tools for a given set of tasks. These measures
are typically collected after the conclusion of an assigned task.
Eye tracking adds a new additional dimension to the assessment
arsenal by allowing access to the gaze activity of human subjects.
The gaze activities can be captured quite precisely while a task is
being performed. Thus, providing a unique opportunity to include
measures of how exactly human subjects use a tool and
ratiocinate their conclusions. A brief discussion on using the eye
movement measures for assessing UML class diagram layouts is
also presented.

HCI Software Visualization Eye tracking Assessment metrics Empirical studies UML 2007 Tobii 1750

in list: HCI & Usability