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ABSTRACT
Recommender systems have emerged as an effective decision tool to help users more easily and quickly find products that they prefer, especially in e-commerce environments. However, few studies have tried to understand how this technology has influenced the way users search for products and make purchase decisions. Our current research aims at examining the impact of recommenders by understanding how recommendation tools integrate the classical economic schemes and how they modify product search patterns. We report our work in employing an eye tracking system and collecting users' interaction behaviors as they browsed and selected products to buy from an online product retail website offering over 3,500 items. This in-depth user study has enabled us to collect over 48,000 fixation data points and 7,720 areas of interest from eighteen users, each spending more than one hour on our site. Our study shows that while users still use traditional product search tools to examine alternatives, recommenders definitely provide users with new opportunities in their decision process. More specifically, users actively click and gaze at products recommended to them, up to 40% of the time. In addition, recommendation areas are highly attractive, drawing users to add 50% more items to their baskets as a traditional tool does. Observing that users consult the recommendation area more as they are close to the end of their search process, it seems that recommenders enhance users' decision confidence by satisfying their need for diversity. Based on these results, we derive several interaction design guidelines that can significantly improve users' satisfaction and perception of product recommenders.

Switzerland 2010 HCI Usability Tobii eye tracking 1750 recommendation Recommender product search evaluate understanding attention usage user

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
Auditory prominence is defined as when an acoustic segment is made salient in its context. Prominence is one of the prosodic functions that has been shown to be strongly correlated with facial movements. In this work, we investigate the effects of facial prominence cues, in terms of gestures, when synthesized on animated talking heads. In the first study, a speech intelligibility experiment is conducted, speech quality is acoustically degraded and the fundamental frequency is removed from the signal, then the speech is presented to 12 subjects through a lip synchronized talking head carrying head-nods and eyebrows raise gestures, which are synchronized with the auditory prominence. The experiment shows that presenting prominence as facial gestures significantly increases speech intelligibility compared to when these gestures are randomly added to speech. We also present a follow-up study examining the perception of the behavior of the talking heads when gestures are added over pitch accents. Using eye-gaze tracking technology and questionnaires on 10 moderately hearing impaired subjects, the results of the gaze data show that users look at the face in a similar fashion to when they look at a natural face when gestures are coupled with pitch accents opposed to when the face carries no gestures. From the questionnaires, the results also show that these gestures significantly increase the naturalness and the understanding of the talking head.

Sweden 2010 Linguistics Tobii eye tracking T120 auditory prominence facial cues gesture accents pitch understanding

in list: Linguistics

ABSTRACT
This dissertation explored the questions of when and how infants develop an understanding of intention—that is, an understanding of human behavior as guided by subjective internal states that underlie and are separate from actions and objects in the world. Failed action understanding was used as a marker of intention understanding because, unlike in the case of successful actions, understanding failed actions requires recognizing that the observed pattern of movement is distinct from the intention that motivates it.
To explore the development of intention understanding in the first year of life, two key studies examined an understanding of successful- versus failed-reaching actions. Study 1 used a habituation design to assess both when infants (8-, 10-, and 12-month-olds) understand that a failed action is intentional and whether an understanding of successful actions precedes an understanding of failed actions. Study 2 extended this work to explore the process by which 8- and 10-month-olds develop an understanding of intention. Eye-tracking methodology was used to examine how infants process and predict the goals of ongoing successful and failed reaching actions. Moreover, performance was explored in relation to parent-report measures of infants’ social and motor behaviors.
Three central findings emerged. First, already within the first year of life (by 10 months), infants understand and can predict the goal of a failed-reaching action. Second, during the course of development, understanding successful actions precedes understanding failed actions. Third, failed (but not successful) action understanding is strongly associated with infants’ tendency to initiate joint attention and their ability to locomote independently.
Overall, results from this dissertation support a developmental picture wherein a rudimentary understanding of action as motivated by subjective internal states emerges during the first year of life from an antecedent understanding of action that does not go deeper than the surface rela

USA 2010 Developmental Tobii eye tracking 1750 T60 XL The University of Michigan infants understanding intention failed-action processing

in list: Developmental Research

ABSTRACT
This article discusses how eye-tracking can be used to supplement traditional usability test measures. User performance on two usability tasks with three e-commerce websites is described. Results show that eye-tracking data can be used to better understand how users initiate a search for a targeted link or web object. Frequency, duration and order of visual attention to Areas of Interest (AOIs) in particular are informative as supplemental information to standard usability testing in understanding user expectations and making design recommendations.

USA 2005 Tobii eye tracking 1750 HCI Usability e-commerce search understanding expectation

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
Infants’ eye movements were recorded while watching feeding actions. (1) The latency of goal directed gaze shifts was dependent on life-time experience being feed. (2) The pupil dilated during observation of irrational feeding actions, irrespective of experience. Jointly these findings suggest that multiple processes guide infants’ everyday action understanding.

Sweden 2010 Tobii eye tracking action understanding learning matching feeding anticipation experience Developmental

in list: Developmental Research

ABSTRACT
This paper describes a study that seeks to explore the correlation between eye movements and the interpretation of geometric shapes. This study is intended to inform the development of an eye tracking interface for computational tools to support and enhance the natural interaction required in creative design.
A common criticism of computational design tools is that they do not enable manipulation of designed shapes according to all perceived features. Instead the manipulations afforded are limited by formal structures of shapes. This research examines the potential for eye movement data to be used to recognise and make available for manipulation the perceived features in shapes.
The objective of this study was to analyse eye movement data with the intention of recognising moments in which an interpretation of shape is made. Results suggest that fixation duration and saccade amplitude prove to be consistent indicators of shape interpretation.

UK 2010 Tobii eye tracking X120 geometric shapes understanding perception interpretation vision

in list: Ophthalmology & Vision science

ABSTRACT
This study presents an analysis of the effect of different graph types on the comprehension of cyclic events. The results indicated that although round and linear graph designs are informationally equivalent, the round graphs are computationally better suited than linear graphs for the interpretation of cyclic concepts.

Turkey 2010 Tobii eye tracking 1750 graph comprehension cyclic round types linear interpretation understanding cognitive Behavioral psychology

in list: Cognitive & Behavioural Psychology

ABSTRACT
This study examined whether 19-month-old infants' social understanding was related to their interaction behavior during dyadic cooperation with a peer. Toddlers' ability to predict others' action intentions was examined using a computerized experimental task. The children watched a series of stimulus movies in which an actor expressed her liking or disliking towards two different objects and then announced that she was going to grasp one of them. Toddlers' eye movements were registered, and it was examined whether they showed anticipatory looks to the object the model was going to grasp. During the dyadic cooperation task the toddlers interacted with an unfamiliar peer. Toddlers' interaction performance during cooperation was observed, and affiliative and antagonistic behaviors were coded. Intention understanding was positively correlated with affiliative behaviors, and negatively with antagonistic behaviors during the cooperation task. Measures of cooperation success were not related to toddlers' intention understanding. Toddlers' capability to understand others' intentions was thus closely associated with their peer interaction behavior, but not with their task performance.

Netherlands 2010 Tobii eye tracking 1750 cooperation interaction intention understanding infancy Developmental

in list: Developmental Research

ABSTRACT
Effective graphics are essential for understanding complex information and completing tasks. To assess graphic effectiveness, eye tracking methods can help provide a deeper understanding of scanning strategies that underlie more traditional, high-level accuracy and task completion time results. Eye tracking methods entail many challenges, such as defining fixations, assigning fixations to areas of interest, choosing appropriate metrics, addressing potential errors in gaze location, and handling scanning interruptions. Special considerations are also required designing, preparing, and conducting eye tracking studies. An illustrative eye tracking study was conducted to assess the differences in scanning within and between bar, line, and spider graphs, to determine which graphs best support relative comparisons along several dimensions. There was excessive scanning to locate the correct bar graph in easier tasks. Scanning across bar and line graph dimensions before comparing across graphs was evident in harder tasks. There was repeated scanning between the same dimension of two spider graphs, implying a greater cognitive demand from scanning in a circle that contains multiple linear dimensions, than from scanning the linear axes of bar and line graphs. With appropriate task design and targeted analysis metrics, eye tracking techniques can illuminate visual scanning patterns hidden by more traditional time and accuracy results.

USA China 2010 Tobii eye tracking T60 evaluation visualization graphic bar line spider graphs understanding scanning strategies Cognitive Behavioral

in list: Cognitive & Behavioural Psychology

ABSTRACT
Modern neuroimaging provides a common platform for neuroscience and related disciplines to explore the human brain, mind, and behavior. We base our review on the social shaping of the human mind and discuss various aspects of brain function related to social interaction. Despite private mental contents, people can share their understanding of the world using, beyond verbal communication, nonverbal cues such as gestures, facial expressions, and postures. The understanding of nonverbal messages is supported by the brain's mirroring systems that are shaped by individual experience. Within the organism-environment system, tight links exist between action and perception, both within an individual and between several individuals. Therefore, any comprehensive brain imaging study of the neuronal basis of social cognition requires appreciation of the situated and embodied nature of human cognition, motivating simultaneous monitoring of brain and bodily functions within a socially relevant environment. Because single-person studies alone cannot unravel the dynamic aspects of interpersonal interactions, it seems both necessary and beneficial to move towards "two-person neuroscience"; technological shortcomings and a limited conceptual framework have so far hampered such a leap. We conclude by discussing some major disorders of social interaction.

Finland 2007 Cognitive Behavioral Tobii eye tracking neuroimaging Neuroscience social interaction understanding perception

in list: Cognitive & Behavioural Psychology