Tobii EyeTracking's Library tagged strategy →  View Popular, Search in Google

ABSTRACT
Web sites need fast and effective navigation systems. An eye tracking laboratory study with n = 120 participants was conducted to compare the influence of different navigation designs (vertical versus dynamic menus) and task complexity (simple versus complex navigation tasks) on user performance, navigation strategy, and subjective preference. With vertical menus, users needed less eye fixations, were faster and more successful. We conclude that, firstly, vertical menus fit better to perception and cognition than dynamic menus, where the navigation items are hidden and must be accessed by an additional mouse click. Secondly, navigation systems should be extended with different kinds of navigation items adapted to the complexity of the users’ navigation tasks, because users tend to switch their navigation strategy when confronted with complex tasks.

Switzerland 2010 HCI Usability Tobii eye tracking effective navigation vertical dynamic menus complexity performance preference strategy

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
Visual analytics is often based on the intuition that highly interactive and dynamic depictions of complex and multivariate databases amplify human capabilities for inference and decision-making, as they facilitate cognitive tasks such as pattern recognition, association, and analytical reasoning (Thomas and Cook 2005). But how do we know whether visual analytics really works? This article offers a generic evaluation approach combining theory- and data-driven methods based on sequence similarity analysis. The approach systematically studies users' visual interaction strategies when using highly interactive interfaces. We specifically ask whether the efficiency (i.e., speed) of users can be characterized by specific display interaction event sequences, and whether studying user strategies could be employed to improve the (interaction) design of the dynamic displays. We showcase our approach using a very large, fine-grained spatiotemporal dataset of eye movement recordings collected during a controlled human subject experiment with dynamic visual analytics displays. With this methodological approach based on empirical evidence, we hope to contribute to a deeper understanding of how people make inferences and decisions with highly interactive visualization tools and complex displays.

Switzerland 2010 HCI Usability Tobii eye tracking X120 visual analytics strategy interactions dynamic display efficiency design

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
Objective: Using eye-tracking technology, we aim to examine if there are common patterns of visual attention strategies employed by surgeons that are associated with a greater chance of successful reorientation when disorientated during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Summary Background Data: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is one of the most commonly practiced minimally invasive procedures with a recognized morbidity relating to bile duct injuries. It has been suggested that the majority of bile duct injuries occur as a result of operator disorientation.
Methods: A total of 21 surgeons of varying experience participated in the study. Attention as represented by gaze was captured, as subjects were presented with 8 images of various stages of a laparoscopic cholecystectomy with the task of interpreting the orientation of the image. Subject fixations on relevant anatomic structures within the images were analyzed and a visual behavior profiling algorithm was applied to compare the behavior of individual surgeons.
Results: No difference in orientation performance between seniority levels or with laparoscopic experience was found. Key structures used as "anchor objects" to successfully orientate at various stages of a laparoscopic cholecystectomy were unveiled, and a representative successful visual attention behavior for each stage of the operation was described.
Conclusion: There are discernable and quantifiable visual attention strategies used by surgeons during laparoscopic cholecystectomy associated with successful orientation. By quantifying visual behavior and by inference attention processes of surgeons, this study represents an initial step in attempting to decrease the morbidity associated with disorientation. This study raises some important questions. First, can these common reorientation strategies be taught to aspiring surgeons as part of a curriculum thereby decreasing the learning curve associated with the apparent need for experience in laparoscopy? Second, can these common reorientation strategi

2010 UK Tobii eye tracking 1750 patterns reorientation orientation disorientation strategy laparoscopic cholecystectomy surgery medical

in list: Medical research

ABSTRACT
The authors explored different aspects of encoding strategy use in primary school children by including (a) an encoding strategy task in which children's encoding strategy use was recorded through a remote eye-tracking device and, later, free recall and recognition for target items was assessed; and (b) tasks measuring resistance to interference (flanker task) and inhibition of attention to task-irrelevant stimuli (distractibility). Results revealed that the ability to inhibit distraction and resist interference undergoes developmental changes between the ages of 7–10 years. At the same time, children's capability to strategically focus on task-relevant aspects also continues to improve in primary school years. Although there were substantial relationships between encoding strategies and later recognition, encoding strategies appeared to be unrelated to basic aspects of attentional control.

Switzerland 2010 Tobii eye tracking 1750 attention control development encoding strategy memory distraction developmental

in list: Developmental Research

ABSTRACT
The advent and accelerated adoption of laparoscopic surgery requires an objective assessment of both operative performance and perceptual events that lead to clinical decisions. In this paper we present a framework to extract the underlying strategy through the analysis of saccadic eye-movements that lead to visual attention, and identification of intrinsic features central to the execution of basic laparoscopic tasks. Markov modeling is applied to the quantification of the saccadic eye movements for elucidating the intrinsic behaviour of the participants and the spatial-temporal evolution of visual search and hand/eye coordination characteristics. It has been found that participants adopted a unified strategy but the underlying disparity in saccadic behaviour reflect temporal and behavioural differences that could be indicative of the mental process by which the task was executed.

UK 2004 medical Tobii eye tracking 1750 laparoscopic surgery decision attention identification execution strategy

in list: Medical research

ABSTRACT
In human factors and ergonomics research, the analysis of eye movements has gained popularity as a method for obtaining information concerning the operator's cognitive strategies and for drawing inferences about the cognitive state of an individual. For example, recent studies have shown that the distribution of eye fixations is sensitive to variations in mental workload---dispersed when workload is high, and clustered when workload is low. Spatial statistics algorithms can be used to obtain information about the type of distribution and can be applied over fixations recorded during small epochs of time to assess online changes in the level of mental load experienced by the individuals. In order to ease the computation of the statistical index and to encourage research on the spatial properties of visual scanning, A Simple Tool for Examining Fixations has been developed. The software application implements functions for fixation visualization, management, and analysis, and includes a tool for fixation identification from raw gaze point data. Updated information can be obtained online at www.astef.info, where the installation package is freely downloadable.

Italy 2008 Cognitive Behavioral Tobii eye tracking ClearView human factors ergonomics strategy workload scanning tool

in list: Cognitive & Behavioural Psychology

ABSTRACT
An important question for HCI is to understand how and why visual search strategy is adapted to the demands imposed by the task of searching the results of a search engine. There is emerging evidence that a key part of the answer concerns the expected information gain of each of the set of available information gathering actions. We build on previous research to show that people are acutely sensitive to differences in the spacing and in the number of items returned by the search engine. These factors cause shifts in the efficiency of the available information gathering actions. We focus on an image browsing task, and show that, as a consequence of changes to the efficiency of available actions, people make small but significant changes to eye-movement strategy.

UK 2008 HCI Usability Tobii eye tracking 1750 design search strategy engine expect spacing results browsing

in list: HCI & Usability