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ABSTRACT
This study investigates dynamic information acquisition strategies during decision making. The authors conduct an eye-tracking experiment to trace consumers‘ moment-to-moment decision process on comparison websites. A new hierarchical Hidden Markov Model is developed to analyze the eye-movement data. It consists of three connected hierarchical layers: a lower layer that describes the eye-movements, a middle layer that captures product-based and attribute-based information acquisition strategies, and an upper layer that enables us to analyze the time course of switching between these information acquisition strategies. In the experiment on the effects of presentation formats of comparison websites for laptop computers, the authors quantify the usage of information acquisition strategies, identify switching patterns, and investigate the impact that strategy switching has on evaluation of the choice process. Consumers switch frequently between information acquisition strategies: around 50 to 60 times for the average decision. The contiguity of presented information and the row-column presentation format influence information strategy usage and product choice. These findings support our recommendations for the rapidly growing comparison website industry.

USA 2010 HCI Usability Tobii eye tracking 1750 dynamic information acquisition strategies comparison websites Switching Hidden Markov model

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
An experiment was conducted to test the efficacy of a new intelligent hypermedia system, MetaTutor, which is intended to prompt and scaffold the use of self-regulated learning (SRL) processes during learning about a human body system. Sixty-eight (N=68) undergraduate students learned about the human circulatory system under one of three conditions: prompt and feedback (PF), prompt-only (PO), and control (C) condition. The PF condition received timely prompts from animated pedagogical agents to engage in planning processes, monitoring processes, and learning strategies and also received immediate directive feedback from the agents concerning the deployment of the processes. The PO condition received the same timely prompts, but did not receive any feedback following the deployment of the processes. Finally, the control condition learned without any assistance from the agents during the learning session. All participants had two hours to learn using a 41-page hypermedia environment which included texts describing and static diagrams depicting various topics concerning the human circulatory system. Results indicate that the PF condition had significantly higher learning efficiency scores, when compared to the control condition. There were no significant differences between the PF and PO conditions. These results are discussed in the context of development of a fully-adaptive hypermedia learning system intended to scaffold self-regulated learning.

USA 2010 HCI Usability Tobii eye tracking T60 self-regulated learning educational system prompt feedback planning strategies efficacy

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
This research investigated several important issues in using implicit feedback techniques to assist searchers with difficulties in formulating effective search strategies. It focused on examining the relationship between types of behavioral evidence that can be captured from Web searches and searchers' interests. A carefully crafted observation study was conducted to capture, examine, and elucidate the analytical processes and work practices of human analysts when they simulated the role of an implicit feedback system by trying to infer searchers' interests from behavioral traces. Findings provided rare insight into the complexities and nuances in using behavioral evidence for implicit feedback and led to the proposal of an implicit feedback model for Web search that bridged previous studies on behavioral evidence and implicit feedback measures. A new level of analysis termed an analytical lens emerged from the data and provides a road map for future research on this topic.

USA 2010 Tobii eye tracking 1750 ClearView Google feedback searchers search strategies behavior HCI Usability

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
Effective graphics are essential for understanding complex information and completing tasks. To assess graphic effectiveness, eye tracking methods can help provide a deeper understanding of scanning strategies that underlie more traditional, high-level accuracy and task completion time results. Eye tracking methods entail many challenges, such as defining fixations, assigning fixations to areas of interest, choosing appropriate metrics, addressing potential errors in gaze location, and handling scanning interruptions. Special considerations are also required designing, preparing, and conducting eye tracking studies. An illustrative eye tracking study was conducted to assess the differences in scanning within and between bar, line, and spider graphs, to determine which graphs best support relative comparisons along several dimensions. There was excessive scanning to locate the correct bar graph in easier tasks. Scanning across bar and line graph dimensions before comparing across graphs was evident in harder tasks. There was repeated scanning between the same dimension of two spider graphs, implying a greater cognitive demand from scanning in a circle that contains multiple linear dimensions, than from scanning the linear axes of bar and line graphs. With appropriate task design and targeted analysis metrics, eye tracking techniques can illuminate visual scanning patterns hidden by more traditional time and accuracy results.

USA China 2010 Tobii eye tracking T60 evaluation visualization graphic bar line spider graphs understanding scanning strategies Cognitive Behavioral

in list: Cognitive & Behavioural Psychology

ABSTRACT
World Wide Web is developing with the increasing demands of the users and the search engines are becoming an indispensable tool in order to find information in Internet. While web is developing day by day, people require adapting themselves to the developing conditions rapidly. Also, the intensive workload requires that people should use the time properly. Using search engines effectively turns out to be a vital. The purpose of this study is to investigate the possible search behavior of the users by using eye-tracking device. With this study, it may be possible to observe the participants' searching strategies while searching for a specific key word and seeking the related results for a subject. The results showed that, many of the participants had problems while using this search engine as they were not familiar with it. Almost all of the participants had a centralized approach while searching specific information in an unfamiliar search engine. Participants' fixation duration times and the hotspot data supported this result. Also, icon based approach was very common between participants that they tended to look at the bigger and colored icons more than the other icons.

France 2007 HCI Usability Tobii eye tracking ClearView search engine behavior strategies icons

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
Navigating using an endoscope in intra- or extra-lumenal surgical procedures can be difficult. One of the main reasons why this is difficult is operator disorientation. Operator disorientation can result from a number of factors including a lack of navigational cues, cognitive overload and restricted field of view of the endoscope. These result in decreased operator awareness of surroundings and the endoscope location in space. It is important to try to prevent operation disorientation in endoscopic procedures; however, it is equally important to efficiently and correctly re-orientate when disoriented to ensure safe surgery. It is likely that as endoscopic procedures are carried out extralumenally in greater spatial environments than the gastrointestinal tract, such as in natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES), disorientation will become more of a problem, placing greater emphasis on the abilities of the operator to re-orientate efficiently.
The hypothesis is that when humans are disoriented there exist discrete patterns in psychophysical visual behaviour used to re-orientate themselves in this simulated NOTES environment. These patterns are associated with increased performance and can be quantified or described. Should this be the case, it would seem possible that these strategies may be taught to re-orientate more effectively during minimally invasive surgery thereby critically minimising danger to the patient should the operator becomes disoriented.

UK 2009 Medical Tobii eye tracking strategies endoscope endoscopic procedure orientation patterns psychophysical visual behavior

in list: Medical research

ABSTRACT
In this study, students' use of a new educational Web portal was evaluated with particular emphasis on searching and browsing strategies. The effects and implications of a federated search system are also discussed. Fifty-four students, ranging from 5th to 12th grade, were given five tasks to complete using the SchoolRooms interface. The tasks required students to use both the search box and the categorical browse feature on the Web portal. Data collected were analyzed to determine time on task, rate of success and the subjects' awareness of success, and the type of search method chosen to complete the tasks. In general, students preferred the search-box strategy to the categorical-browse strategy, but exposure to both strategies resulted in increased use of the browse strategy. Success rates varied widely by task. Students had a difficult time distinguishing between various media and format types returned by the federated search. Results suggest that while students prefer a search-box strategy, it is by no means the only way they search for information. Students experienced difficulty in trying to de-aggregate the results of a federated search engine. These findings have implications for information literacy and library instruction. Forthcoming analysis of these data will address the factors related to search success.

USA 2008 Tobii eye tracking searching browsing strategies Developmental

in list: Developmental Research

ABSTRACT:
Based on previous research showing the usefulness of spatial statistics in detecting randomness in the distribution of eye fixations, this study investigated the ocular behavior of professional pilots engaged in a simulated flight. The distribution of eye fixations was used as an indirect index of mental workload: Eye movements were recorded during the different phases (departure to landing) of a simulated flight and were analyzed using spatial statistics algorithms. Results showed sensitivity of spatial dispersion indices to variations in mental workload: higher during departure and landing, lower during climb and descend, and the lowest during the cruise phase. This finding provides additional evidence of the utility of fixations distribution as a real-time measure of mental workload and, consequently, as a trigger for adaptive automation.

HCI Scanning strategies gaze mental workload eye tracking flight simulator deck Italy 2007 Tobii ET-17

in list: Cognitive & Behavioural Psychology , HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
We investigate the use of two concurrent input channels to perform a pointing task. The first channel is the traditional mouse input device whereas the second one is the gaze position. The rake cursor interaction technique combines a grid of cursors controlled by the mouse and the selection of the active cursor by the gaze. A controlled experiment shows that rake cursor pointing drastically outperforms mouse-only pointing and also significantly outperforms the state of the art of pointing techniques mixing gaze and mouse input. A
theory explaining the improvement is proposed: the global difficulty of a task is split between those two channels, and the sub-tasks could partly be performed concurrently.

HCI Fitts’ law multi-channel pointing rake cursor Graphical user interfaces Input devices strategies Eye tracking France 2009 Tobii ET-17

in list: HCI & Usability , Eye Control