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ABSTRACT
Guidelines for designing information charts often state that the presentation should reduce ‗chart junk‘ – visual embellishments that are not essential to understanding the data. In contrast, some popular chart designers wrap the presented data in detailed and elaborate imagery, raising the questions of whether this imagery is really as detrimental to understanding as has been proposed, and whether the visual embellishment may have other benefits. To investigate these issues, we conducted an experiment that compared embellished charts with plain ones, and measured both interpretation accuracy and long-term recall. We found that people‘s accuracy in describing the embellished charts was no worse than for plain charts, and that their recall after a two-to-three-week gap was significantly better. Although we are cautious about recommending that all charts be produced in this style, our results question some of the premises of the minimalist approach to chart design.

2010 Canada HCI Tobii eye tracking information visualization embellishment charts interpretation recall comprehension memorability

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
By the late 19th century, tests of adults’ shortterm visual memory—how much one retains from a briefly presented display—had acquired a familiar character: An alphanumeric array was presented, removed, and participants were asked to report the items (Wundt, 1912). These ‘whole report’ tests revealed capacities of 3-4 items (Cattell, 1886; Sperling, 1960). However, participants often felt they had seen more items, but forgotten them before report. A crucial innovation was to ask for just a ‘partial report’, cuing participants to sample from their memory (e.g. a high-pitched tone might cue report of the middle of three rows of letters) (Sperling, 1960). If the cue occurs after display offset (a ‘post-cue’) and the sampled subsets are random, then accurate reports mean all the presented items had been stored. This clever methodological change exposed a new—early, high-capacity (~9 items), and fast-decaying (~200 ms half-life)—memory system dubbed ‘iconic memory’ (Neisser, 1967). In this sense, then, the study of infants’ visual memory is still rooted in the conventions of the 19th century: No one has yet asked infants for a partial report. ...

USA 2010 Tobii eye tracking T120 Developmental iconic memory infants capacity recall buffer

in list: Developmental Research

ABSTRACT
This study examined participants’ comprehension of Web privacy policies when the information from the policy had to be recalled from memory or when participants were able to view the policy while searching for the answers to specific questions. Eye-gaze data were analyzed to examine where users focus their attention when reading privacy policies and searching for information in them. Overall, participants showed poor comprehension of the information conveyed in the privacy policies even though they were written at the participants’ level of education. When searching for information in the privacy policies, participants relied on the listing of individual sections provided at the beginning of a privacy policy, when available. When the listing of sections was not available, participants skimmed the entire policy, examining the headings and first few words of each paragraph to determine whether the sections or paragraphs were likely to contain the information for which they were searching.

USA 2007 Linguistic Tobii eye tracking comprehension web privacy policies recall search attention focus

in list: Linguistics

ABSTRACT
Building on Message Framing Theory and the Elaboration likelihood Model (ELM), this study examined how message frame impacts viewer attention to and cognitive processing of osteoporosis prevention print ads. Attention was measured with eye tracking technology, which calculated participants’ number of fixations and dwell time. Cognitive processing was assessed through a textual masked-recall exercise. Sixty women, with a mean age of 21.25+/-2.61 years, viewed the same 36 ads; however, the message frame changed on a randomized, rotating basis, resulting in each group viewing 12 gain-, 12 loss-, and 12 neutrally-framed ads. One-way repeated measures analyses of variance revealed that message frame significantly impacted viewers’ number of fixations, F(2,118)=8.18, p<.01, η2= .12 dwell time, F(2,118)=9.84, p<.01, η2= .14 and masked-recall results, F(2,118)=22.28, p<.01, η2 = .27. Viewers’ number of fixations, dwell time and recall of gain-framed osteoporosis prevention ads was significantly higher than to loss- or neutrally-framed ads, p<.01. Message frame was also positively correlated with number of fixations, r=.29, p<.02 and dwell time, r=.42, p<.01. Findings may help expand theory related to message framing and the ELM, while contributing to advancements in eye tracking literature and health communications practice.

2009 Canada Tobii 1750 Message Framing Theory eye tracking attention print advertisements recall framing osteoporosis

in list: HCI & Usability

Abstract
This study examined the influence of cognitive styles on navigation patterns in hypertext environment. 20 undergraduate students from the Foreign Language Department were pre-tested on their cognitive styles, computer use and ability and prior knowledge about content presented in hypertext environment. All participants completed the Group-Embedded Figures Test (GEFT), Internet Influence and prior knowledge tests. Then they were asked to complete 6 tasks and navigate on a hypertext material on the planet Neptune. While they were reading the material, their eye movements were recorded by on eye-tracker device. The results were analyzed by measuring the fixation duration and eye-gaze points of the participants with regard to visited, revisited page numbers and navigation complexity. At the end of the study a recall performance test was applied. Results showed that cognitive style has no effect on recall performance, and navigational pattern while eye-fixation number on relevant information has significant effect on retention.

Linguistics eye tracking cognition navigation patterns hypertext recall Performance Turkey 2008 Tobii

in list: Linguistics