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ABSTRACT
Web sites need fast and effective navigation systems. An eye tracking laboratory study with n = 120 participants was conducted to compare the influence of different navigation designs (vertical versus dynamic menus) and task complexity (simple versus complex navigation tasks) on user performance, navigation strategy, and subjective preference. With vertical menus, users needed less eye fixations, were faster and more successful. We conclude that, firstly, vertical menus fit better to perception and cognition than dynamic menus, where the navigation items are hidden and must be accessed by an additional mouse click. Secondly, navigation systems should be extended with different kinds of navigation items adapted to the complexity of the users’ navigation tasks, because users tend to switch their navigation strategy when confronted with complex tasks.

Switzerland 2010 HCI Usability Tobii eye tracking effective navigation vertical dynamic menus complexity performance preference strategy

in list: HCI & Usability

CONTEXT
Early identification efforts are essential for the early treatment of the symptoms of autism but can only occur if robust risk factors are found. Children with autism often engage in repetitive behaviors and anecdotally prefer to visually examine geometric repetition, such as the moving blade of a fan or the spinning of a car wheel. The extent to which a preference for looking at geometric repetition is an early risk factor for autism has yet to be examined.

OBJECTIVES
To determine if toddlers with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) aged 14 to 42 months prefer to visually examine dynamic geometric images more than social images and to determine if visual fixation patterns can correctly classify a toddler as having an ASD.

DESIGN
Toddlers were presented with a 1-minute movie depicting moving geometric patterns on 1 side of a video monitor and children in high action, such as dancing or doing yoga, on the other. Using this preferential looking paradigm, total fixation duration and the number of saccades within each movie type were examined using eye tracking technology.

SETTING
University of California, San Diego Autism Center of Excellence.

PARTICIPANTS
One hundred ten toddlers participated in final analyses (37 with an ASD, 22 with developmental delay, and 51 typical developing toddlers).

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE
Total fixation time within the geometric patterns or social images and the number of saccades were compared between diagnostic groups.

RESULTS
Overall, toddlers with an ASD as young as 14 months spent significantly more time fixating on dynamic geometric images than other diagnostic groups. If a toddler spent more than 69% of his or her time fixating on geometric patterns, then the positive predictive value for accurately classifying that toddler as having an ASD was 100%.

CONCLUSION
A preference for geometric patterns early in life may be a novel and easily detectable early signature of infants and toddlers at risk for autism.

USA 2010 developmental Tobii eye tracking T120 autism risk factors geometric patterns visual Preference

in list: Developmental Research

ABSTRACT
Simion, Valenza, Macchi Cassia, Turati, and Umiltà (2002) suggested that newborns preferred “top-heavy” stimuli and such bias may account for neonatal face preference. However, convergent evidence for the discriminability between the top-heavy versus bottom-heavy patterns has not been demonstrated. We used a modified familiarization/novelty procedure (Chien, Palmer, & Teller, 2003) to assess basic discriminability between “top-heavy” and “bottom-heavy” geometric patterns in 2- to 4.5-month-old infants. Each infant were tested with three types of top-heavy and bottom-heavy geometric figures and received both familiarized-to-top-heavy and familiarized-to-bottom-heavy conditions. If infants of this age can discriminate the two configurations and there is no intrinsic bias toward either pattern, we expected to see significant and about equal novelty effects in both familiarization conditions. If there is a strong intrinsic bias for the top-heavy configuration, we expect to see a greater preference for the top-heavy patterns in the familiarization-to-bottom-heavy condition. Our results (N = 24) showed significant and equal novelty preferences in both familiarization conditions across age and figure types, suggesting a reliable discriminability between top-heavy and bottom-heavy configurations and there is no intrinsic bias towards either configuration at this age.

China 2010 Tobii eye tracking T60 Developmental face preference geometric patterns bias discrimination intrinsic

in list: Developmental Research

ABSTRACT
Interactive Evolutionary Computation (IEC) community aims at reducing user's fatigue during an optimization task involving subjective criteria: a set of graphic potential solutions are simultaneously shown to a user which task is to identify most interesting solutions to the problem he had to solve. Evolutionary operators are applied to user choices expecting to produce better solutions. As traditional IEC ask the user to give a mark to each solution or to explicitly choose bests solutions with a mouse, we propose a new framework that uses in real time gaze information to predict which parts of a screen is more significant for a user. We can therefore avoid the user to explicitly choose which solutions are interesting for him. In this paper, we mainly focus on automatically ordering solutions shown on a screen given a gaze path obtained by an eye-tracker. We applied several supervised learning methods (SVM, neural networks...) on two different experiments. We obtain a formula that predict with 85% user choices. We demonstrate that decisive criterion is time spent on one solution and we show the independency between this formula and the experiment.

France 2010 Tobii eye tracking 1750 fatigue task screen section selection preference HCI Usability

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
We report on an exploratory study analyzing preferred reading regions on a monitor using eye tracking. We show that users have individually preferred reading regions, varying in location on the screen and in size. Furthermore, we explore how scrolling interactions and mouse movements are correlated with position and size of the individually preferred reading regions.

Germany 2010 Tobii eye tracking 1750 preference section reading screen scrolling HCI Usability

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
This paper describes one test from a larger eye tracking and design evaluation research aiming at developing methods for studying the perception of design products. The test focuses on searching for a connection between gaze, product attitude and preference when comparing the products in pairs and when selecting a favorite from the available products. The role of appearance and apparent usability in product attitude and preference are also explored.
The test results suggest that a correlation between gaze and product attitude can be found with certain indicators. Product preference can also be seen quite clearly in the visualized gaze data. Some distinct differences were found between the groups of designers and other test persons in the emphasis of appearance and apparent usability as variables influencing on both the product attitude and preference.

Finland 2005 HCI Usability Tobii eye tracking 1750 ClearView design evaluation perception product gaze attitude preference compare

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
In simple tests of preference, infants as young as newborns prefer faces and face-like stimuli over distractors. Little is known, however, about the development of attention to faces in complex scenes. We recorded eye-movements of 3-, 6-, and 9-month-old infants and adults during free-viewing of clips from A Charlie Brown Christmas (an animated film). The tendency to look at faces increased with age. Using novel computational tools, we found that 3-month-olds were less consistent (across individuals) in where they looked than were older infants. Moreover, younger infants’ fixations were best predicted by low-level image salience, rather than the locations of faces. Between 3 and 9 months of age, infants gradually focused their attention on faces. We discuss several possible interpretations of this shift in terms of social development, cross-modal integration, and attentional/executive control.

USA 2008 developmental Tobii eye tracking ET-17 preference infants attention faces salience age perception

in list: Developmental Research

Abstract
By means of a relatively new eye-tracking method that allows for a test situation much closer to reality, we recorded and examined gaze time and fixation number within the cancellation and focus paradigm, a feature-matching model for preference judgments between two alternatives. In line with the cancellation and focus model we found that when subjects encountered the second option in each pair, shared features were canceled out and thus given less consideration whereas unique features were focused on more. We also investigated the role of feature attractiveness as a second important factor in preference judgments and found a U-shaped relationship between attractiveness and visual consideration intensity; that is, attractive and unattractive features received more attention than did those of intermediate attractiveness. Finally, we tested the ability of two models, Franklin's rule and the WReSt (Weighted Recalled Stepwise Comparing) heuristic, to predict the preference ratings.

Cognition Feature matching Direction comparison Preference judgments; attractiveness Franklin's rule WReSt heuristic eye tracking Switzerland 2007 Tobii

in list: Cognitive & Behavioural Psychology