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ABSTRACT
Previous research indicates that adult learners are able to use co-occurrence information to learn word-to-object mappings and form object categories simultaneously. The current eye-tracking study investigated the dynamics of attention allocation during concurrent statistical learning of words and categories. The results showed that the participants’ learning performance was associated with the numbers of short and mid-length fixations generated during training. Moreover, the learners’ patterns of attention allocation indicated online interaction and bi-directional bootstrapping between word and category learning processes.

2010 USA Developmental Tobii eye tracking 1750 attention allocation learning words categories pattern fixation

in list: Developmental Research

ABSTRACT
This paper investigates the eye movement sequences of users visiting web pages repeatedly. We are interested in potential habituation due to repeated exposure. The scanpath theory posits that every person learns an idiosyncratic gaze sequence on first exposure to a stimulus and re-applies it on subsequent exposures. Josephson and Holmes (2002) tested the applicability of this hypothesis to web page revisitation but results were inconclusive. With a recurrent temporal pattern detection technique, we examine additional aspects and expose scanpaths. Results do not suggest direct applicability of the scanpath theory. While repetitive scan patterns occurred and were individually distinctive, their occurrence was variable, there were often several different patterns per person, and patterns were not primarily formed on the first exposure. However, extensive patterning occurred for some participants yet not for others which deserves further study into its determinants.

Germany 2010 HCI Usability Tobii eye tracking 1750 websites sequence repeat revisit scanpath pattern

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
There is a growing amount of evidence suggesting that individuals with autism have difficulty with categorization. One basic cognitive ability that is necessary for categorization and may underlie difficulties with categorization is the ability to abstract and represent categorical information with a central representation or prototype. The current study examined prototype formation abilities in individuals with autism with social (faces) and non-social (dot patterns) stimuli using behavioral methodologies and eye-tracking in high functioning adults with autism and matched controls. Individuals with autism were found to have difficulty forming prototypes of both faces and dot patterns. Relationships were found between performance on the prototype tasks and measures of intelligence, symptoms of autism, and measures of low-level perceptual functioning in the individuals with autism. The eye-tracking data did not reveal any between group differences in the general pattern of attention to the faces or dot patterns during the familiarization period indicating that the difficulties with prototype formation were not due to attentional factors. The results of the current study are consistent with previous studies that have found a deficit in prototype formation and indicate that these deficits exist with both familiar social stimuli such as faces and novel non-social stimuli such as dot patterns.

USA 2010 Neuropsychology Tobii eye tracking X120 Studio autism categorization represent abstract social faces pattern prototypes

in list: Neuropsychology

ABSTRACT
Atypical scan paths on emotional faces and reduced eye contact represent a prominent feature of autism symptomatology, yet the reason for these abnormalities remains a puzzle. Do individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) fail to orient toward the eyes or do they actively avoid direct eye contact? Here, we used a new task to investigate reflexive eye movements on fearful, happy, and neutral faces. Participants (ASDs: 12; controls: 11) initially fixated either on the eyes or on the mouth. By analyzing the frequency of participants' eye movements away from the eyes and toward the eyes, respectively, we explored both avoidance and orientation reactions. The ASD group showed a reduced preference for the eyes relative to the control group, primarily characterized by more frequent eye movements away from the eyes. Eye-tracking data revealed a pronounced influence of active avoidance of direct eye contact on atypical gaze in ASDs. The combination of avoidance and reduced orientation into an individual index predicted emotional recognition performance. Crucially, this result provides evidence for a direct link between individual gaze patterns and associated social symptomatology. These findings thereby give important insights into the social pathology of ASD, with implications for future research and interventions.

Germany 2010 Tobii eye tracking T120 Developmental Neuropsychology Scan path pattern emotion faces reflexive movements orientation autism spectrum disorder

in list: Neuropsychology

ABSTRACT
Eye tracking specialists often need to understand and represent aggregate scanning strategies, but methods to identify similar scanpaths and aggregate multiple scanpaths have been elusive. A new method is proposed here to identify scanning strategies by aggregating groups of matching scanpaths automatically. A dataset of scanpaths is first converted to sequences of viewed area names, which are then represented in a dotplot. Matching sequences in the dotplot are found with linear regressions, and then used to cluster the scanpaths hierarchically. Aggregate scanning strategies are generated for each cluster and presented in an interactive dendrogram. While the clustering and aggregation method works in a bottom-up fashion, based on pair-wise matches, a top-down extension is also described, in which a scanning strategy is first input by cursor gesture, then matched against the dataset. The ability to discover both bottom-up and top-down strategy matches provides a powerful tool for scanpath analysis, and for understanding group scanning strategies.

USA 2010 Tobii eye tracking T60 Studio scanpath scanning pattern aggregation evaluation

in list: Eye Tracking Technology

ABSTRACT
Visual fixation patterns whilst viewing complex photographic scenes containing one person were studied in 24 high-functioning adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and 24 matched typically developing adolescents. Over two different scene presentation durations both groups spent a large, strikingly similar proportion of their viewing time fixating the person’s face. However, time-course analyses revealed differences between groups in priorities of attention to the region of the face containing the eyes. It was also noted that although individuals with ASD were rapidly cued by the gaze direction of the person in the scene, this was not followed by an immediate increase in total fixation duration at the location of gaze, which was the case for typically developing individuals.

UK 2010 Tobii eye tracking 1750 autism spectrum disorder visual fixation pattern cues attention Developmental

in list: Developmental Research

ABSTRACT
We developed and studied an experimental system, RealTourist, which lets a user to plan a conference trip with the help of a remote tourist consultant who could view the tourist’s eye-gaze superimposed onto a shared map. Data collected from the experiment were analyzed in conjunction with literature review on speech and eye-gaze patterns. This inspective, exploratory research identified various functions of gaze-overlay on shared spatial material including: accurate and direct display of partner’s eye-gaze, implicit deictic referencing, interest detection, common focus and topic switching, increased redundancy and ambiguity reduction, and an increase of assurance, confidence, and understanding. This study serves two purposes. The first is to identify patterns that can serve as a basis for designing multimodal human-computer dialogue systems with eye-gaze locus as a contributing channel. The second is to investigate how computer-mediated communication can be supported by the display of the partner’s eye-gaze.

Sweden 2005 HCI Usability Tobii eye tracking ET-17 system RealTourist plan tourist explore identification pattern dialogue

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
Recent studies have shown that statistical indices of spatial dispersion computed over the distribution of fixations could be effectively used to derive a stable measure of the cognitive resources allocated to a task. This approach is particularly appealing, given that it allows computing a workload value with a 1-minute resolution, thus making it possible to use it as a trigger for some adaptive systems. The present study reports two experiments aimed at separating the contribution of two types of demands (temporal and visuo-spatial). Results showed that temporal demand led to dispersed pattern, whereas visuo-spatial demand led to grouped pattern of fixations.

Italy 208 Cognitive Behavioral Tobii eye tracking spatial dispersion resources workload temporal pattern visuo-spatial fixation

in list: Cognitive & Behavioural Psychology