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ABSTRACT
We analysed the eye-tracking data of 147 participants as they used a total of 15 separate website navigation menus to complete key activities. The hypotheses for this study were that (a) the psychological phenomenon of the order effect would manifest in that items at either end of a menu would be located more quickly than those in the middle and (b) that the items that were relevant to completing the user‘s tasks would be located more quickly through peripheral visual identification of these items. Although items relevant to the user‘s task were acquired 1.8 seconds faster on average, both of the hypotheses were rejected as no statistically significant patterns were found. It was concluded that each user was likely to have his or her own searching behaviour and this could be affected by other factors such as the graphic design of the menu.

UK 2010 HCI Usability Tobii eye tracking T60 order effect menu peripheral search behavior navigation

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
Current research increasingly suggests that spatial cognition in humans is accomplished by many specialized mechanisms, each designed to solve a particular adaptive problem. A major adaptive problem for our hominin ancestors, particularly females, was the need to efficiently gather immobile foods which could vary greatly in quality, quantity, spatial location and temporal availability. We propose a cognitive model of a navigational gathering adaptation in humans and test its predictions in samples from the US and Japan. Our results are uniformly supportive: the human mind appears equipped with a navigational gathering adaptation that encodes the location of gatherable foods into spatial memory. This mechanism appears to be chronically active in women and activated under explicit motivation in men.

USA 2010 Behavioral Tobii eye tracking X50 attention visual fixation learning navigation gathering cognitive spatial cognition gender

in list: Cognitive & Behavioural Psychology

ABSTRACT
Web sites need fast and effective navigation systems. An eye tracking laboratory study with n = 120 participants was conducted to compare the influence of different navigation designs (vertical versus dynamic menus) and task complexity (simple versus complex navigation tasks) on user performance, navigation strategy, and subjective preference. With vertical menus, users needed less eye fixations, were faster and more successful. We conclude that, firstly, vertical menus fit better to perception and cognition than dynamic menus, where the navigation items are hidden and must be accessed by an additional mouse click. Secondly, navigation systems should be extended with different kinds of navigation items adapted to the complexity of the users’ navigation tasks, because users tend to switch their navigation strategy when confronted with complex tasks.

Switzerland 2010 HCI Usability Tobii eye tracking effective navigation vertical dynamic menus complexity performance preference strategy

in list: HCI & Usability

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Europeana’s priority as it moves towards a fully operational service is to provide access to Europe’s heritage in ways that engage and satisfy users.
A principal objective of Europeana.eu is to engage young people, both in the course of their learning experience and for personal enrichment. In the swift current of online innovation, theirs are the needs and expectations that change most rapidly. Consequently, in order to define the user requirements for the fully operational service, Europeana focused on detailed qualitative analyses of user behaviour, paying particular attention to students.
Six focus groups were convened, comprising a total of 77 participants in four European countries. Two of the focus groups took place in an international school in Amsterdam, the Netherlands; in Sofia, Bulgaria they were held in a secondary school and a school of applied arts. There was also one for university students in Fermo, Italy and one for university library and teaching staff with representatives of the general public in Glasgow, Scotland.
Studies were also run in Media Labs. These tests used eye-tracking and close observation of 12 subjects to derive empirical evidence of their response to Europeana’s navigation and usability. This is one of the first studies published in the digital library context in which eye tracking combined with analysis of user behaviour and feedback have been used to refine the vision of what users want.
The results of the studies inform the design and functionality of the operational Europeana. In addition, and of value to the marketing and communications initiatives, the studies have helped define the benefits sought by primary target segments, what promotional messages they would respond to, and how these should be delivered to them.

EU 2010 HCI Usability Tobii eye tracking X50 user behavior qualitative navigation analysis feedback

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
Following information scent has been established as a metaphor to describe a user's behaviour while navigating an information space by successively selecting hyperlinks. This metaphor suggests that users assess the profitability of following a particular hyperlink based on its perceived semantic association with their goal. The purpose of this paper is to study how information scent, this important attribute of hypermedia navigability, influences concurrently four aspects of users' behaviour while exploring a website: (1) distribution of attention; (2) confidence in choice of link; (3) efficiency; and (4) effectiveness. It was found that in webpages with high scent, users were significantly more focused, confident of their choices, efficient and effective compared to webpages with ambiguous scent. The findings of the study are discussed in comparison with results obtained from a previously conducted analysis using InfoScent Evaluator (ISEtool), a tool that has been proposed to facilitate scent evaluation of websites. This comparison provided support for the effectiveness of ISEtool in indicating potential scent-related navigability problems. We argue that such a tool-based approach can facilitate hypermedia design by reducing the resources and expertise required, and by providing the necessary flexibility for practitioners.

Greece 2010 Tobii eye tracking T60 website navigation HCI Usability behavior attention efficiency effectiveness

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
Evaluating the Information Architecture in an already deployed website is not an easy task. Most evaluation techniques are focused on examining system usability, but this is not the only factor that influences IA. The main technique that deals with IA in already deployed web environments is the Navigation Stress Test (NST). A new methodology makes this technique more informative by taking NST beyond simple notation on paper. This work proposes the use of NST combined with other usability testing techniques such as Thinking Aloud and a usability questionnaire. Eye tracking also has been used to supplement the information obtained from applied techniques. This new methodology has been tested by analyzing a series of websites belonging to Spanish public university libraries. The results of this study show the validity of the approach used, as well as the value that this approach and the use of Eye tracking bring to the analysis of IA compared to traditional NST.

Spain Spanish 2010 Tobii eye tracking T60 information architecture user navigation evaluation stress HCI Usability

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
Depth estimation is one of the most fundamental challenges for performing minimally invasive surgical (MIS) procedures. The requirement of accurate 3D instrument navigation using limited visual depth cues makes such tasks even more difficult. With the constant expectation of improving safety for MIS, there is a growing requirement for overcoming such constraints during MIS. We present in this paper a method of improving the surgeon’s perception of depth by introducing an “invisible shadow” in the operative field cast by an endoscopic instrument. Although, the shadow is invisible to human perception, it can be digitally detected, enhanced and re-displayed. Initial results from our study suggest that this method improves depth perception especially when the endoscopic instrument is in close proximity to the surface. Experiment results have shown that the method could potentially be used as an instrument navigation aid allowing accurate maneuvering of the instruments whilst minimizing tissue trauma.

UK 2005 Medical Tobii eye tracking 1750 ClearView depth estimation minimal invasive surgical 3d navigation invisible shadow endoscopic

in list: Medical research

INTRODUCTION
SirsiDynix has partnered with INFOhio to develop SchoolRooms. SchoolRooms will be an online portal which will include resources selected by teacher-librarian teams which meet national and state academic content standards. It will also feature a federated or single-search capability which will simultaneously search library catalogs, electronic databases, websites selected by the teacher-librarian teams, and the web using a search engine. ...

USA 2006 Tobii 1750 eye tracking school online interface navigation Search

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
"Social Navigation" for the Web has been created as a response to the problem of disorientation in information space. It helps by visualizing traces of behavior of other users and adding social affordance to the information space. Despite the popularity of social navigation ideas, very few studies of social navigation systems can be found in the research literature. In this dissertation, I designed and carried out an experiment to explore the effect of several factors on social navigation support (SNS). The purpose of the experiment was to identify situations under which social navigation is most useful and to investigate the effect of personal factors, e.g., interpersonal trust, and gender on the likelihood of following social navigation cues. To gain a deeper insight into the effect of SNS on users' information seeking behavior, traditional evaluation methodologies were supplemented with eye tracking. The results of the study show that social navigation cues affect subjects' search behavior; specifically, while under time pressure subjects were more likely to use SNS. SNS was successful in guiding them to relevant documents and allowed them to achieve higher search performance. Reading abilities and interpersonal trust had a reliable effect on the SNS-following behavior and on subjects' subjective opinion about SNS. The effect of the gender was less pronounced than expected, contrary to the evidence in the literature.

USA 2009 Tobii eye tracking 1750 social navigation support information user behavior

in list: Cognitive & Behavioural Psychology

Abstract
This study examined the influence of cognitive styles on navigation patterns in hypertext environment. 20 undergraduate students from the Foreign Language Department were pre-tested on their cognitive styles, computer use and ability and prior knowledge about content presented in hypertext environment. All participants completed the Group-Embedded Figures Test (GEFT), Internet Influence and prior knowledge tests. Then they were asked to complete 6 tasks and navigate on a hypertext material on the planet Neptune. While they were reading the material, their eye movements were recorded by on eye-tracker device. The results were analyzed by measuring the fixation duration and eye-gaze points of the participants with regard to visited, revisited page numbers and navigation complexity. At the end of the study a recall performance test was applied. Results showed that cognitive style has no effect on recall performance, and navigational pattern while eye-fixation number on relevant information has significant effect on retention.

Linguistics eye tracking cognition navigation patterns hypertext recall Performance Turkey 2008 Tobii

in list: Linguistics

ABSTRACT
The experiment described in this paper, shows a test environment constructed with two information spaces; one large with 2000 nodes ordered in semi-structured groups in which participants performed search and browse tasks; the other was smaller and designed for precision zooming, where subjects performed target selection simulation tasks. For both tasks, modes of gaze- and mouse-controlled navigation were compared.

The results of the browse and search tasks showed that the performances of the most efficient mouse and gaze implementations were indistinguishable. However, in the target selection simulation tasks the most efficient gazecontrol proved to be about 16% faster than the most efficient mouse-control.
The results indicate that gaze-controlled pan/zoom navigation is a viable alternative to mouse control in inspection and target exploration of large, multi-scale environments. However, supplementing mouse control with gaze navigation also holds interesting potential for interface and interaction design.

gaze-based interaction interface design large multi-scaled information-spaces pan and zoom navigation eye tracking Denmark 2008 Tobii

in list: HCI & Usability , Eye Control

ABSTRACT
This paper presents an eye-tracking study that examines how people
use the visual elements of Web pages to complete certain tasks.
Whilst these elements are available to play their role in these tasks
for sighted users, it is not the case for visually disabled users. This
lack of access to some visual elements of a page means that visually
disabled users are hindered in accomplishing these tasks. Our
previous work has introduced a framework that identifies these elements and then reengineers Web pages such that these elements
can play their intended roles in an audio, as well as visual presentation.
To further improve our understanding of how these elements
are used and to validate our framework, we track the eye movements of sighted users performing a number of different tasks.
The resulting gaze data show that there is a strong relationship between the aspects of a page that receive visual attention and the
objects identified by our framework. The study also shows some
limitations, as well as yielding information to address these shortcomings.
Perhaps the most important result is the support provided
for a particular kind of object called a Way Edge—the visual construct
used to group content into sections. There is a significant
effect of Way Edges on the distribution of attention across tasks.
This is a result that not only provides strong evidence for the utility
of re-engineering, but also has consequences for our understanding
of how people allocate attention to different parts of a page.
We speculate that the phenomenon of ‘Banner Blindness’ owes as
much to Way Edges, as it does to colour and font size.

HCI behavior navigation travel objects visual disability eye tracking UK 2008 Tobii 1750

in list: HCI & Usability