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ABSTRACT
We analysed the eye-tracking data of 147 participants as they used a total of 15 separate website navigation menus to complete key activities. The hypotheses for this study were that (a) the psychological phenomenon of the order effect would manifest in that items at either end of a menu would be located more quickly than those in the middle and (b) that the items that were relevant to completing the user‘s tasks would be located more quickly through peripheral visual identification of these items. Although items relevant to the user‘s task were acquired 1.8 seconds faster on average, both of the hypotheses were rejected as no statistically significant patterns were found. It was concluded that each user was likely to have his or her own searching behaviour and this could be affected by other factors such as the graphic design of the menu.

UK 2010 HCI Usability Tobii eye tracking T60 order effect menu peripheral search behavior navigation

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
In this study, effectiveness, efficiency and user satisfaction of different menu designs were investigated. 24 graduate students voluntarily participated to the study. The results indicate that horizontal menus are more effective than vertical menus in terms of selecting sub menu items, overall task completion time is not related to menu design, horizontal overlapping menu design is the most effective one in terms of preventing user errors. Lastly, user satisfaction doesn't vary according to menu designs.

Turkey 2007 HCI Usability Tobii eye tracking effectiveness efficiency satisfaction menu design horizontal vertical

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
In this paper a study is reported, which investigates the effectiveness of two approaches to improving gaze-based interaction for realistic and complex menu selection tasks. The first approach focuses on identifying menu designs for hierarchical menus that are particularly suitable for gaze-based interaction, whereas the second approach is based on the idea of combining gaze-based interaction with speech as a second input modality. In an experiment with 40 participants the impact of menu design, input device, and navigation complexity on accuracy and completion time in a menu selection task as well as on user satisfaction were investigated. The results concerning both objective task performance and subjective ratings confirmed our expectations in that a semi-circle menu was better suited for gaze-based menu selection than either a linear or a full-circle menu. Contrary to our expectations, an input device solely based on eye gazes turned out to be superior to the combined gaze- and speech-based device. Moreover, the drawbacks of a less suitable menu design (i.e., of a linear menu or a full-circle menu) as well as of the multimodal input device particularly obstructed performance in the case of more complex navigational tasks.

HCI circular menus gaze-based interaction menu selection multimodal input usability eye tracking Germany 2008 Tobii 1750

in list: HCI & Usability , Eye Control