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ABSTRACT
This study investigates dynamic information acquisition strategies during decision making. The authors conduct an eye-tracking experiment to trace consumers‘ moment-to-moment decision process on comparison websites. A new hierarchical Hidden Markov Model is developed to analyze the eye-movement data. It consists of three connected hierarchical layers: a lower layer that describes the eye-movements, a middle layer that captures product-based and attribute-based information acquisition strategies, and an upper layer that enables us to analyze the time course of switching between these information acquisition strategies. In the experiment on the effects of presentation formats of comparison websites for laptop computers, the authors quantify the usage of information acquisition strategies, identify switching patterns, and investigate the impact that strategy switching has on evaluation of the choice process. Consumers switch frequently between information acquisition strategies: around 50 to 60 times for the average decision. The contiguity of presented information and the row-column presentation format influence information strategy usage and product choice. These findings support our recommendations for the rapidly growing comparison website industry.

USA 2010 HCI Usability Tobii eye tracking 1750 dynamic information acquisition strategies comparison websites Switching Hidden Markov model

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
In serial memory for spatial information, performance is impaired when distractors are interpolated between to-be-remembered (TBR) stimuli (Tremblay, Nicholls, Parmentier, & Jones, 2005). The so-called sandwich effect, combined with the use of eye tracking, served as a tool for examining the role of the oculomotor system in serial memory for spatial information. Participants had to recall the order in which sequences of TBR locations were presented. In some trials, to-be-ignored blue dots were presented after each TBR location. Our results show that response locations shift toward the location of the distractors, and this deviation is related to the eye movement deviation toward the distractor location. These results suggest that TBR and to-be-ignored locations are encoded onto a common map that could lie within the oculomotor system. Interference in memory for spatial information is interpreted in light of a model of oculomotor behavior (Godijn & Theeuwes, 2002b).

Canada 2010 opthalmology vision science Tobii eye tracking 1750 serial memory spatial information distraction performance oculomotor behavior

in list: Ophthalmology & Vision science

ABSTRACT
Guidelines for designing information charts often state that the presentation should reduce ‗chart junk‘ – visual embellishments that are not essential to understanding the data. In contrast, some popular chart designers wrap the presented data in detailed and elaborate imagery, raising the questions of whether this imagery is really as detrimental to understanding as has been proposed, and whether the visual embellishment may have other benefits. To investigate these issues, we conducted an experiment that compared embellished charts with plain ones, and measured both interpretation accuracy and long-term recall. We found that people‘s accuracy in describing the embellished charts was no worse than for plain charts, and that their recall after a two-to-three-week gap was significantly better. Although we are cautious about recommending that all charts be produced in this style, our results question some of the premises of the minimalist approach to chart design.

2010 Canada HCI Tobii eye tracking information visualization embellishment charts interpretation recall comprehension memorability

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
With the advent of a digital economy, an emphasis on digital products and services has emerged. Those who are not using current technologies will become excluded, however, from this revolution. Older adults represent one such group in danger of exclusion. In some cases, older adults have been disinterested in new technologies. In other cases, however, the technologies fail to take into consideration the strengths and weaknesses of older users that would promote this usability. This paper examines components of information search by younger and older adults. These are considered in terms of long-term implications of designing for older users, with current problems viewed as foreshadowing future trends.

Scotland 2010 HCI Usability Tobii eye tracking X120 age older adults information search design

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
This paper presents an exploratory empirical study about users’ reception and usage behavior with interactive information graphics. 14 participants took part in the study. We assume users to act interest-driven. Therefore no explicit tasks were assigned to participants. In order not to distract the user, retrospective thinking aloud was employed. Results show that (1) usage durations were heterogeneous between users and between different types of interactive information graphics; (2) users tended to watch introductory animations; (3) initial orientation without interaction on the first content screen (after intro) was rather long with 23 seconds on average; (4) story-based approaches seem to motivate users but might lead to less intensive reception of information; (5) several reception and usage problems have been identified regarding information presentation and interaction. Interactive information graphics tend to overwhelm users with too much information and disregard well-known principles and rules of the old media and web design.

UK 2010 HCI Usability Tobii eye tracking 1750 reception behavior usage interactive information graphics

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
This paper reports on the preliminary findings of a user study that explored how searchers fixate on information associated with different relevance criteria during the process of predictive relevance judgment. In order to address this objective a user study was conducted that involved the completion of questionnaires, use of eye tracking technology, talk aloud protocols and post-search interviews. As opposed to previous studies, the present research asked participants to search for real information needs that represented different search contexts (e.g. from searches about personal interest to academic related searches). This permitted the identification of several relevance criteria that naturally occur across different search contexts and the emergence of some fixation patterns, not observed before, associated to the use of these criteria. The paper concludes with a discussion of the impact and implication of this study in the wider context of relevance judgment and information seeking in context research.

UK 2010 Tobii eye tracking HCI Usability searchers fixate relevance judgment information natural

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
In categorization, emphasizing task-relevant information is critical for efficient performance. Such attentional optimization can occur concurrently with learning category structures, or may be delayed until after the categories have been mastered. Thus far, delayed attentional optimization has only been found in rule-based categories. The present studies use eye-tracking to investigate attentional optimization in rule-based (RB) and information integration (II) categories. Because working memory capacity is thought to reflect the ability to suppress task-irrelevant information, we also examined the relationship between Aospan performance and attentional optimization. We found that delayed attentional optimization is not a universal characteristic of RB categories, and that working memory predicts early attentional learning in simple categories, but predicts speed of category learning in complex categories. Working memory capacity's influence on optimization and performance does not differ between RB and II learning.

Canada 2010 Tobii eye tracking X120 attention categorization optimization learning error working memory rule information integration aospan cognitive Behavioral psychology

in list: Cognitive & Behavioural Psychology

ABSTRACT
Evaluating the Information Architecture in an already deployed website is not an easy task. Most evaluation techniques are focused on examining system usability, but this is not the only factor that influences IA. The main technique that deals with IA in already deployed web environments is the Navigation Stress Test (NST). A new methodology makes this technique more informative by taking NST beyond simple notation on paper. This work proposes the use of NST combined with other usability testing techniques such as Thinking Aloud and a usability questionnaire. Eye tracking also has been used to supplement the information obtained from applied techniques. This new methodology has been tested by analyzing a series of websites belonging to Spanish public university libraries. The results of this study show the validity of the approach used, as well as the value that this approach and the use of Eye tracking bring to the analysis of IA compared to traditional NST.

Spain Spanish 2010 Tobii eye tracking T60 information architecture user navigation evaluation stress HCI Usability

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
Visual information can in principle be dynamically optimised by monitoring the user’s state of attention, e.g. by tracking eye movements. Gaze directed displays are therefore an important enabling technology for attention aware systems. We present a state-of-the-art review of both (1) techniques to register the direction of gaze and (2) display techniques that can be used to optimally adjust visual information presentation to the capabilities of the human visual system and the momentary direction of viewing. We focus particularly on evaluation studies that were performed to assess the added value of these displays. We identify promising application areas and directions for further research.

Netherlands 2006 Tobii eye tracking visual information attention evaluation

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
Autism is characterized by major difficulties in the social interaction and communication domains. Recent studies suggest that deficits in social information processing could contribute to the expression of autistic traits, as regards communication and socialization skills. The objective of our study with children and adolescents manifesting autistic traits is to examine the characteristics of visual information processing whilst viewing social scenes, in order to evaluate the relationship between autistic trait expression and deficits in processing socially salient information. Our results suggest that children and adolescents presenting autistic traits show patterns of visual processing of social information that are comparable to those observed in adults with autism. These results are discussed from the standpoint of developmental cognitive psychopathology.

Switzerland 2009 French Tobii eye tracking autism information processing communication

in list: Neuropsychology

ABSTRACT
The purpose of this research is to learn about the preferences of young people on the design of information in the media on the Internet. The research takes the view that the sample of students is selected from eight designs real information online. First valued in a quantitative way and then justify their responses. The quantitative and qualitative methodology allows the results benefit from statistical rigor and greater depth. Due to the number of elements that make up the message visual information, this exploratory research pretending to know which are the most Initial findings have realized that the main preferences are linked to the presence of the media and typographical. With this data has begun a new investigation that materializa only in a quantitative way, the importance of the components of the design cited.

2008 Spain HCI Usability Spanish Tobii internet design information quantitative qualitative typography eye tracking 1750 ClearView

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
"Social Navigation" for the Web has been created as a response to the problem of disorientation in information space. It helps by visualizing traces of behavior of other users and adding social affordance to the information space. Despite the popularity of social navigation ideas, very few studies of social navigation systems can be found in the research literature. In this dissertation, I designed and carried out an experiment to explore the effect of several factors on social navigation support (SNS). The purpose of the experiment was to identify situations under which social navigation is most useful and to investigate the effect of personal factors, e.g., interpersonal trust, and gender on the likelihood of following social navigation cues. To gain a deeper insight into the effect of SNS on users' information seeking behavior, traditional evaluation methodologies were supplemented with eye tracking. The results of the study show that social navigation cues affect subjects' search behavior; specifically, while under time pressure subjects were more likely to use SNS. SNS was successful in guiding them to relevant documents and allowed them to achieve higher search performance. Reading abilities and interpersonal trust had a reliable effect on the SNS-following behavior and on subjects' subjective opinion about SNS. The effect of the gender was less pronounced than expected, contrary to the evidence in the literature.

USA 2009 Tobii eye tracking 1750 social navigation support information user behavior

in list: Cognitive & Behavioural Psychology

ABSTRACT
We study a new task, proactive information retrieval by combining implicit relevance feedback and collaborative filtering. We have constructed a controlled experimental setting, a prototype application, in which the users try to find interesting scientific articles by browsing their titles. Implicit feedback is inferred from eye movement signals, with discriminative hidden Markov models estimated from existing data in which explicit relevance feedback is available. Collaborative filtering is carried out using the User Rating Profile model, a state-of-the-art probabilistic latent variable model, computed using Markov Chain Monte Carlo techniques. For new document titles the prediction accuracy with eye movements, collaborative filtering, and their combination was significantly better than by chance. The best prediction accuracy still leaves room for improvement but shows that proactive information retrieval and combination of many sources of relevance feedback is feasible.

Collaborative filtering eye tracking movements hidden Markov model latent variable mixture proactive information retrieval relevance feedback Finland 2005 Tobii 1750

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
One major bottleneck in conversational systems is their incapability in interpreting unexpected user language inputs such as out-of-vocabulary words. To overcome this problem, conversational systems must be able to learn new words automatically during human machine conversation. Motivated by psycholinguistic findings on eye gaze and human language processing, we are developing techniques to incorporate human eye gaze for automatic word acquisition in multimodal conversational systems. This paper investigates the use of temporal alignment between speech and eye gaze and the use of domain knowledge in word acquisition. Our experiment results indicate that eye gaze provides a potential channel for automatically acquiring new words. The use of extra temporal and domain knowledge can significantly improve acquisition performance.

HCI Temporal Semantic Information Eye Gaze tracking Automatic Word Acquisition Multimodal Conversational Systems USA 2008 Tobii

in list: HCI & Usability , Eye Control

Introduction
You’re waiting at the station for your train and you glance at the electronic poster next to you. It notices that you’re looking at it, and from your gaze it works out what you would most like to see. The display changes to show you new brands of mobile phone, and then changes again to show handheld computers as it notices your gaze flicker. You glance at the clock and so it brings up a list of forthcoming trains, then zooms in on yours and shows you exactly how long it will take to arrive. It’s as though it’s reading your mind – but really it’s reading your eyes.

HCI User Modelling Information Retrieval Textual Access eye tracking USA 2008 Tobii X50

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
This study examined how searchers interacted with a webbased, faceted library catalog when conducting exploratory searches. It applied eye tracking, stimulated recall interviews, and direct observation to investigate important aspects of gaze behavior in a faceted search interface: what components of the interface searchers looked at, for how long, and in what order. It yielded empirical data that will be useful for both practitioners (e.g., for improving search interface designs), and researchers (e.g., to inform models of search behavior). Results of the study show that participants spent about 50 seconds per task looking at (fixating on) the results, about 25 seconds looking at the facets, and only about 6 seconds looking at the query itself. These findings suggest that facets played an important role in the exploratory search process.

HCI User Interfaces Evaluation methodology Information Search Retrieval eye tracking USA 2009 Tobii 2150

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
The paper presents the results of a case study of searcher's relevance criteria used for assessments of Web pages in a perspective of learning style. 15 test persons participated in the experiments based on two simulated work tasks that provided cover stories to trigger their information needs. Two learning styles were examined: Global and Sequential learners. The study applied eye-tracking for the observation of relevance hot spots on Web pages, learning style index analysis and post-search interviews to gain more in-depth information on relevance behavior.
Findings reveal that with respect to use of graded relevance scores and number of relevance criteria applied per task and test person there are no significant difference between the different styles. Although there differences are detected in the use of relevance criteria between Global and Sequential learners during assessments, they are statistically insignificant. When interviewed in retrospective the resulting profiles tend to become even similar across learning styles but a shift occurs from instant assessments with content features of web pages replacing topicality judgments as predominant relevance criteria.

interactive information retrieval learning styles relevance assessments criteria eye tracking Denmark 2008 Tobii

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
Finding information by successively selecting hyperlinks on web pages is a typical task performed on websites. A number of web usability studies have provided important insights about how web visitors carry out a search, and have concluded that "following information scent" is the fundamental process involved in the behavior. The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between the strength of information scent and web visitors'eye movements. Four web page types with different usability problems were considered. In an eyetracking experiment, eleven participants were asked to find an article on a simulated encyclopedia website by first selecting a heading from among nine provided headings, then selecting the appropriate topic link under the selected heading. The number of eye fixations, the duration of the fixations, and the task completion times were analyzed. The eye-tracking study reported in this paper added further insight to the knowledge gained from traditional web usability studies, in which visitors'performance are measured by the total number of clicks and task completion times. Website visitors'performance will not exhibit any differences in the initial heading selection stage irrespective of whether or not the pages have usability problems. However, performance will deteriorate in terms of the total number of fixations in the subsequent link selection stage when the web page has any kind of usability problem.

Download the full paper from the link below, in the folder; english/papers-e/ETRA2008.pdf
http://public.me.com/mkitajima

HCI LSA hierarchical information structure scent latent semantic analysis web usability eye tracking Japan 2008 Tobii 1750

in list: HCI & Usability

Abstract
We study how processing states alternate during information search tasks. Inference is carried out with a discriminative hidden Markov model (dHMM) learned from eye movement data, measured in an experiment consisting of three task types: (i) simple word search, (ii) finding a sentence that answers a question and (iii) choosing a subjectively most interesting title from a list of ten titles. The results show that eye movements contain necessary information for determining the task type. After training, the dHMM predicted the task for test data with 60.2% accuracy (pure chance 33.3%). Word search and subjective interest conditions were easier to predict than the question-answer condition. The dHMM that best fitted our data segmented each task type into three hidden states. The three processing states were identified by comparing the parameters of the dHMM states to literature on eye movement research. A scanning type of eye behavior was observed in the beginning of the tasks. Next, participants tended to shift to states reflecting reading type of eye movements, and finally they ended the tasks in states which we termed as the decision states.

Eye movements Computational models Hidden Markov model Information search Scanning Reading Decision process eye tracking Finland 2008 Tobii

in list: Cognitive & Behavioural Psychology

This paper reports an eye-tracking experiment conducted to compare alternative representations of directories typically shown on web pages in search of a best representation for deaf persons. The experiment simulated a directory-based information search task to understand how it is performed when directories are represented in text, labeled-pictograms, or unlabeled-pictograms. Twenty-one deaf and 21 hearing participants were asked to select one of 27 directories represented in one of the three alternative formats for each of 38 queries. The result demonstrated that only in the labeledpictogram representation, the hearing group and the deaf group performed equally well in terms of the eye movement measures.

Human factors HCI deaf directory-based information search experiment pictogram web accessibility Canada 2008 Tobii 1750 eye tracking

in list: Neuropsychology , HCI & Usability