Tobii EyeTracking's Library tagged feedback →  View Popular, Search in Google

ABSTRACT
An experiment was conducted to test the efficacy of a new intelligent hypermedia system, MetaTutor, which is intended to prompt and scaffold the use of self-regulated learning (SRL) processes during learning about a human body system. Sixty-eight (N=68) undergraduate students learned about the human circulatory system under one of three conditions: prompt and feedback (PF), prompt-only (PO), and control (C) condition. The PF condition received timely prompts from animated pedagogical agents to engage in planning processes, monitoring processes, and learning strategies and also received immediate directive feedback from the agents concerning the deployment of the processes. The PO condition received the same timely prompts, but did not receive any feedback following the deployment of the processes. Finally, the control condition learned without any assistance from the agents during the learning session. All participants had two hours to learn using a 41-page hypermedia environment which included texts describing and static diagrams depicting various topics concerning the human circulatory system. Results indicate that the PF condition had significantly higher learning efficiency scores, when compared to the control condition. There were no significant differences between the PF and PO conditions. These results are discussed in the context of development of a fully-adaptive hypermedia learning system intended to scaffold self-regulated learning.

USA 2010 HCI Usability Tobii eye tracking T60 self-regulated learning educational system prompt feedback planning strategies efficacy

in list: HCI & Usability

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Europeana’s priority as it moves towards a fully operational service is to provide access to Europe’s heritage in ways that engage and satisfy users.
A principal objective of Europeana.eu is to engage young people, both in the course of their learning experience and for personal enrichment. In the swift current of online innovation, theirs are the needs and expectations that change most rapidly. Consequently, in order to define the user requirements for the fully operational service, Europeana focused on detailed qualitative analyses of user behaviour, paying particular attention to students.
Six focus groups were convened, comprising a total of 77 participants in four European countries. Two of the focus groups took place in an international school in Amsterdam, the Netherlands; in Sofia, Bulgaria they were held in a secondary school and a school of applied arts. There was also one for university students in Fermo, Italy and one for university library and teaching staff with representatives of the general public in Glasgow, Scotland.
Studies were also run in Media Labs. These tests used eye-tracking and close observation of 12 subjects to derive empirical evidence of their response to Europeana’s navigation and usability. This is one of the first studies published in the digital library context in which eye tracking combined with analysis of user behaviour and feedback have been used to refine the vision of what users want.
The results of the studies inform the design and functionality of the operational Europeana. In addition, and of value to the marketing and communications initiatives, the studies have helped define the benefits sought by primary target segments, what promotional messages they would respond to, and how these should be delivered to them.

EU 2010 HCI Usability Tobii eye tracking X50 user behavior qualitative navigation analysis feedback

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
The success of MIS is coupled with an increasing demand on surgeons’ manual dexterity and visuomotor coordination due to the complexity of instrument manipulations. The use of master-slave surgical robots has avoided many of the drawbacks of MIS, but at the same time, has increased the physical separation between the surgeon and the patient. Tissue deformation combined with restricted workspace and visibility of an already cluttered environment can raise critical issues related to surgical precision and safety. Reconnecting the essential visuomotor sensory feedback is important for the safe practice of robot assisted MIS procedures. This paper introduces a novel gaze-contingent framework for real-time haptic feedback and virtual fixtures by transforming visual sensory information into physical constraints that can interact with the motor sensory channel. We demonstrate how motor tracking of deforming tissue can be made more effective and accurate through the concept of Gaze-Contingent Motor Channelling. The method is also extended to 3D by introducing the concept of Gaze-Contingent Haptic Constraints where eye gaze is used to dynamically prescribe and update safety boundaries during robot assisted MIS without prior knowledge of the soft-tissue morphology. Initial validation results on both simulated and robot assisted phantom procedures demonstrate the potential clinical value of the technique. In order to assess the associated cognitive demand of the proposed concepts, functional near-infrared spectroscopy is used and preliminary results are discussed.

2010 UK Tobii eye tracking X50 robotic surgery MIS minimally invasive control spectroscopy near-infrared haptic feedback Medical

in list: Medical research

ABSTRACT
This paper investigates the behaviors of users judging similarity of documents by eye-tracking analysis. This investigation relates with recently-proposed concept of Minimal User Feedback (MUF), which aims at decreasing the cost of a user providing feedback information. In order to achieve this goal, this paper focuses on minimizing the cost of judging similarity of documents, which is supposed to be fundamental task for a user using an interactive document clustering system. In the experiment, 21 test participants were asked to judge the similarity of documents. As the clue for the judgment, 3 types of information; original text, snippet, and term, are investigated. An eye-tracking device is used to record the participants’ viewing behaviors. The areas of interesting (AOI) are analyzed, and the result shows that the areas at which the participants more frequently looked are different between the conditions of judging documents of same topics and different topics. It also shows that participants most frequently switched AOIs between documents when terms are presented. The obtained results will contribute to the design of interface that can minimize the user’s feedback cost.

Japan 2010 Tobii eye tracking T60 interactive document judging similarity viewing behaviors feedback cost HCI Usability

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
This research investigated several important issues in using implicit feedback techniques to assist searchers with difficulties in formulating effective search strategies. It focused on examining the relationship between types of behavioral evidence that can be captured from Web searches and searchers' interests. A carefully crafted observation study was conducted to capture, examine, and elucidate the analytical processes and work practices of human analysts when they simulated the role of an implicit feedback system by trying to infer searchers' interests from behavioral traces. Findings provided rare insight into the complexities and nuances in using behavioral evidence for implicit feedback and led to the proposal of an implicit feedback model for Web search that bridged previous studies on behavioral evidence and implicit feedback measures. A new level of analysis termed an analytical lens emerged from the data and provides a road map for future research on this topic.

USA 2010 Tobii eye tracking 1750 ClearView Google feedback searchers search strategies behavior HCI Usability

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
In certain applications such as radiology and imagery analysis, it is important to minimize errors. In this paper we evaluate a structured inspection method that uses eye tracking information as a feedback mechanism to the image inspector. Our two-phase method starts with a free viewing phase during which gaze data is collected. During the next phase, we either segment the image, mask previously seen areas of the image, or combine the two techniques, and repeat the search. We compare the different methods proposed for the second search phase by evaluating the inspection method using true positive and false negative rates, and subjective workload. Results show that gaze-blocked configurations reduced the subjective workload, and that gaze-blocking without segmentation showed the largest increase in true positive identifications and the largest decrease in false negative identifications of previously unseen objects.

USA 2010 Tobii eye tracking X120 feedback image inspection workload identification visual search HCI Usability

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
Relevance feedback (RF) mechanisms are widely adopted in Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) systems to improve image retrieval performance. However, there exist some intrinsic problems: (1) the semantic gap between high-level concepts and low-level features and (2) the subjectivity of human perception of visual contents. The primary focus of this paper is to evaluate the possibility of inferring the relevance of images based on eye movement data. In total, 882 images from 101 categories are viewed by 10 subjects to test the usefulness of implicit RF, where the relevance of each image is known beforehand. A set of measures based on fixations are thoroughly evaluated which include fixation duration, fixation count, and the number of revisits. Finally, the paper proposes a decision tree to predict the user's input during the image searching tasks. The prediction precision of the decision tree is over 87%, which spreads light on a promising integration of natural eye movement into CBIR systems in the future.

China 2010 Tobii eye tracking content-based image retrieval relevance feedback visual perception HCI Usabiliy

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
In this paper we propose an implicit relevance feedback method with the aim to improve the performance of known Content Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) systems by re-ranking the retrieved images according to users' eye gaze data. This represents a new mechanism for implicit relevance feedback, in fact usually the sources taken into account for image retrieval are based on the natural behavior of the user in his/her environment estimated by analyzing mouse and keyboard interactions. In detail, after the retrieval of the images by querying CBIRs with a keyword, our system computes the most salient regions (where users look with a greater interest) of the retrieved images by gathering data from an unobtrusive eye tracker, such as Tobii T60. According to the features, in terms of color, texture, of these relevant regions our system is able to re-rank the images, initially, retrieved by the CBIR. Performance evaluation, carried out on a set of 30 users by using Google Images and "pyramid" like keyword, shows that about the 87% of the users is more satisfied of the output images when the re-raking is applied.

Italy 2010 Tobii eye tracking T60 visual attention feedback image retrieval rank performance evaluation HCI Usability

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
Web browsers support secure online transactions, and provide visual feedback mechanisms to inform the user about security. These mechanisms have had little evaluation to determine how easily they are noticed and how effectively they are used. This paper describes a preliminary study conducted to determine which elements are noted, which are ignored, and how easily they are found. We collected eyetracker data to study user's attention to browser security, and gathered additional subjective data through questionnaires. Our results demonstrated that while the lock icon is commonly viewed, its interactive capability is essentially ignored. We also found that certificate information is rarely used, and that people stop looking for security information after they have signed into a site. These initial results provide insights into how browser security cues might be improved.

Canada 2005 HCI Usability secure transactions feedback online certificate log in Tobii X50 eye tracking

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
This thesis presents a new approach to haptic interaction technique design in which haptic feedback is displayed with a device held in the non-dominant hand, while the dominant hand controls a standard mouse. I believe that this approach has the potential to increase the fluency of everyday human-computer interaction by enabling a more effective division of tasks between the haptic and visual modalities. These ideas are expounded in a set of principles intended to guide the design of such techniques. I also present Pokespace, a novel interaction technique which follows those principles. Finally, I describe a series of three user studies intended to investigate and evaluate both the design principles and Pokespace. The results of the studies, though not unanimously positive, confirmed that Pokespace has the potential to support interaction without visual attention, and suggested several improvements to both the interaction technique and the underlying principles.

2006 Canada haptic 1750 Tobii eye tracking ClearView feedback HCI Usability interaction pokespace visual attention

in list: HCI & Usability

Abstract
In order to help users navigate an image search system, one could provide explicit information on a small set of images as to which of them are relevant or not to their task. These rankings are learned in order to present a user with a new set of images that are relevant to their task. Requiring such explicit information may not be feasible in a number of cases, we consider the setting where the user provides implicit feedback, eye movements, to assist when performing such a task. This paper explores the idea of implicitly incorporating eye movement features in an image ranking task where only images are available during testing. Previous work had demonstrated that combining eye movement and image features improved on the retrieval accuracy when compared to using each of the sources independently. Despite these encouraging results the proposed approach is unrealistic as no eye movements will be presented a-priori for new images (i.e. only after the ranked images are presented would one be able to measure a user’s eye movements on them). We propose a novel search methodology which combines image features together with implicit feedback from users’ eye movements in a tensor ranking Support Vector Machine and show that it is possible to extract the individual source-specific weight vectors. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the decomposed image weight vector is able to construct a new image-based semantic space that outperforms the retrieval accuracy than when solely using the image-features.

Eye tracking Image Retrieval Implicit Feedback Tensor Ranking Support Vector Machine USA 2010 Tobii X120

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
This paper proposes a simple approach to an old problem, that of the 'Midas Touch'. This uses modes to enable different types of mouse behavior to be emulated with gaze and by using gestures to switch between these modes. A light weight gesture is also used to switch gaze control off when it is not needed, thereby removing a major cause of the problem. The ideas have been trialed in Second Life, which is characterized by a feature-rich of set of interaction techniques and a 3D graphical world. The use of gaze with this type of virtual community is of great relevance to severely disabled people as it can enable them to be in the community on a similar basis to able-bodied participants. The assumption here though is that this group will use gaze as a single modality and that dwell will be an important selection technique. The Midas Touch Problem needs to be considered in the context of fast dwell-based interaction. The solution proposed here, Snap Clutch, is incorporated into the mouse emulator software. The user trials reported here show this to be a very promising way in dealing with some of the interaction problems that users of these complex interfaces face when using gaze by dwell.

HCI usability eye tracking gaze control gestures feedback disabled users UK 2008 Tobii

in list: Eye Tracking Technology, HCI & Usability , Eye Control

ABSTRACT
We study a new task, proactive information retrieval by combining implicit relevance feedback and collaborative filtering. We have constructed a controlled experimental setting, a prototype application, in which the users try to find interesting scientific articles by browsing their titles. Implicit feedback is inferred from eye movement signals, with discriminative hidden Markov models estimated from existing data in which explicit relevance feedback is available. Collaborative filtering is carried out using the User Rating Profile model, a state-of-the-art probabilistic latent variable model, computed using Markov Chain Monte Carlo techniques. For new document titles the prediction accuracy with eye movements, collaborative filtering, and their combination was significantly better than by chance. The best prediction accuracy still leaves room for improvement but shows that proactive information retrieval and combination of many sources of relevance feedback is feasible.

Collaborative filtering eye tracking movements hidden Markov model latent variable mixture proactive information retrieval relevance feedback Finland 2005 Tobii 1750

in list: HCI & Usability

Abstract
Acquiring relevant information to keep user’s preferences up-to-date is crucial in recommender systems in order to close the cycle of recommendations. Ambient Intelligence is a suitable approach for non-intrusively closing the loop in recommender systems using ambient eye-trackers. We combine a method for acquiring relevance feedback through eye-tracking with the functionalities of an extractor agent. We describe the results of experiments conducted in a recommender system to obtain implicit feedback using eye fixations. Finally, we obtain a ranking of user’s most relevant preferences and behaviours.

HCI User Modelling Ambient Recommender Systems Implicit Relevance Feedback Eye Tracking spain 2005 Tobii 1750

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
Search engines present readers with a list of documents ranked by
predicted relevance to a keyword query. Salient sections of
documents that are selected for examination can be highlighted
using similar techniques. An ability to restructure information
presentation based on an analyst’s initial interactions with an
information space might improve search outcomes. This study
takes the first steps towards designing an analysis environment in
which structural overlays evolve in response to an analyst’s
actions. Two sources of implicit feedback are explored: topical
similarity to material included in a very brief written report, and
eye behavior patterns. Results indicate that using eye-tracking can
be as effective as lexical overlap, but more work is needed.

Eye tracking reading implicit feedback gaze detection interfaces search document summarization USA 2006 Tobii

in list: Linguistics

Abstract
We explore the use of eye movements as a source of implicit
relevance feedback information. We construct a controlled information retrieval experiment where the relevance of each text is known, and test usefulness of implicit relevance feedback with it. If perceived relevance of a text can be predicted from eye movements, eye movement signal must contain information on the relevance. The result is that relevance can be predicted to a considerable extent with discriminative hidden Markov models, and clearly better than randomly already with simple linear models of time-averaged data.

eye tracking reading and skimming detection relevance feedback prediction Finland 2008 Tobii 1750

in list: Neuropsychology

Abstract
We explore the use of eye movements as a source of implicit
relevance feedback information. We construct a controlled information retrieval experiment where the relevance of each text is known, and test usefulness of implicit relevance feedback with it. If perceived relevance of a text can be predicted from eye movements, eye movement signal must contain information on the relevance. The result is that relevance can be predicted to a considerable extent with discriminative hidden Markov models, and clearly better than randomly already with simple linear models of time-averaged data.

HCI eye tracking reading and skimming detection relevance feedback prediction Finland 2008 Tobii 1750

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
We examine the effect of incorporating gaze-based attention
feedback from the user on personalizing the search process.
Employing eye tracking data, we keep track of document
parts the user read in some way. We use this information
on the subdocument level as implicit feedback for query expansion
and reranking.
We evaluated three different variants incorporating gaze
data on the subdocument level and compared them against
a baseline based on context on the document level. Our
results show that considering reading behavior as feedback
yields powerful improvements of the search result accuracy
of ca. 32% in the general case. However, the extent of the
improvements varies depending on the internal structure of
the viewed documents and the type of the current information
need.

HCI Personalization gaze implicit feedback search process eye tracking reading Germany 2008 Tobii 1750

in list: HCI & Usability , Eye Control

ABSTRACT
Query formulation and efficient navigation through data to reach relevant results are undoubtedly major challenges for image or video retrieval. Queries of good quality are typically not available and the search process needs to rely on relevance feedback given by the user, which makes the search process iterative. Giving explicit relevance feedback is laborious, not always easy, and may even be impossible in ubiquitous computing scenarios. A central question then is: Is it possible to replace or complement scarce explicit feedback with implicit feedback inferred from various sensors not specifically designed for the task? In this paper, we present preliminary results on inferring the relevance of images based on implicit feedback about users' attention, measured using an eye tracking device. It is shown that, in reasonably controlled setups at least, already fairly simple features and classifiers are capable of detecting the relevance based on eye movements alone, without using any explicit feedback.

HCI eye movements image retrieval implicit feedback relevance tracking Canada 2008 Tobii X120

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
We examine two basic sources for implicit relevance feed-
back on the segment level for search personalization: eye
tracking and display time. A controlled study has been con-
ducted where 32 participants had to view documents in front
of an eye tracker, query a search engine, and give explicit
relevance ratings for the results. We examined the perfor-
mance of the basic implicit feedback methods with respect
to improved ranking and compared their performance to a
pseudo relevance feedback baseline on the segment level and
the original ranking of a Web search engine.
Our results show that feedback based on display time
on the segment level is much coarser than feedback from
eye tracking. But surprisingly, for re-ranking and query
expansion it did work as well as eye-tracking-based feed-
back. All behavior-based methods performed signicantly
better than our non-behavior-based baseline and especially
improved poor initial rankings of the Web search engine.
The study shows that segment-level display time yields
comparable results as eye-tracking-based feedback. Thus, it
should be considered in future personalization systems as an
inexpensive but precise method for implicit feedback.

Cognition Personalization implicit feedback eye tracking display time Measurement Germany 2009 Tobii 1750

in list: Cognitive & Behavioural Psychology