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ABSTRACT
The affective component has been acknowledged as critical to understand information search behavior and user–computer interactions. There is a lack of studies that analyze the emotions that the user feels when searching for information about products with search engines. The present study analyzes the emotional outcomes of the online search process, taking into account the user’s (a) perceptions of success and effort exerted on the search process, (b) initial affective state, and (c) emotions felt during the search process. In addition, we identify profiles of online searchers based on the emotional outcomes of the search process, which allow us to differentiate the emotional processes and behavioral patterns that lead to such emotions. The results of the study stress the importance of the affective component of the online search behavior, given that these emotional outcomes are likely to influence all the subsequent actions that users perform on the Web.

Spain 2010 HCI Usability Tobii eye tracking T60 search engines behavior effort emotion affect

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
This paper presents a model of perceptual task effort for use in hypothesizing the message that a bar chart is intended to convey. It presents our rules, based on research by cognitive psychologists, for estimating perceptual task effort, and discusses the results of an eye tracking experiment that demonstrates the validity of our model. These rules comprise a model that captures the relative difficulty that a viewer would have performing one perceptual task versus another on a specific bar chart. The paper outlines the role of our model of relative perceptual task effort in recognizing the intended message of an information graphic. Potential applications of this work include using this message to provide (1) a more complete representation of the content of the document to be used for searching and indexing in digital libraries, and (2) alternative access to the information graphic for visually impaired users or users of low-bandwidth environments.

USA 2006 Cognitive Behavioral Tobii eye tracking ET-17 perceptual effort bar chart message model diagram

in list: Cognitive & Behavioural Psychology

ABSTRACT
Design and implementation of usable human computer interface (HCI) systems involves expensive, primarily cognitive based, usability testing and evaluation techniques. This complicates the development process and may cause software companies and software engineers that are more familiar with objective testing methodologies to reduce or completely avoid the usability testing stage, reverting to best practice techniques, and producing HCI systems that lack usability. This research is based on the assumption that usability of HCI systems is directly related to the amount of mental and physical effort expended by the user throughout the interaction. It explores and exploits the utility of an objective, relatively easy to measure, and engineering oriented usability metric. A mathematical model of interaction effort is formulated. The model transforms data related to primitive interaction events such as keyboard keystrokes, mouse key clicks and Mickys traversed by the mouse along with eye tracking data into an effort metric. A carefully crafted set of user interaction goals employing scenario based test design techniques is implemented. Data is collected using logging programs that record goal completion time along with keyboard, mouse, and eyes interaction events. The recorded information is reduced to a statistically meaningful data-set that is used to evaluate the validity of the research assumptions. Experimental results support the hypothesize. Furthermore, they are prompting several interesting finding that merit further research and investigation. This is the first research that carries the intuitive idea of relation between effort and usability all the way to the “field” by recording and processing effort based metrics obtained from subjects while interacting with real complex systems.

USA 2008 Usability HCI testing effort measurement interaction eye tracking implement Tobii X120 Studio

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
In order to learn how to operate unfamiliar software systems, users must expend mental and physical energy, which may be objectively and quantitatively measured as effort. This thesis hypothesizes that the amount of effort needed by users to achieve operability goals is intrinsic to aspects of system interface layout. To test this hypothesis, two experiments are conducted wherein effort expenditure by users is measured during interaction with varying software systems with differing interface layout properties. The findings of the experiments demonstrate a correlation between the intrinsic effort of an interface and its usability as predicted by extant interface layout guidelines. Based on empirical results, a widget-based predictor of user effort required for goal achievement is derived.

USA 2009 X120 Layout interface Tobii HCI Usability operate Software effort eye Tracking

in list: HCI & Usability

The paper reports on a study investigating directionality in translation
processes by means of eye tracking. The following hypotheses are tested:
(1) in both directions of translation, processing the TT requires more
cognitive effort than processing the ST; (2) L2 translation tasks on the
whole require more cognitive effort than L1 tasks; (3) cognitive effort
invested in the processing of the ST is higher in L1 translation than in L2 translation; (4) cognitive effort invested in the processing of the TT is higher in L2 translation than in L1 translation; and (5) in both directions, students invest more cognitive effort in translation tasks than do professionals. The hypotheses are tested through a series of experiments involving student and professional subjects who translate two comparable texts, one into their L1 (Danish) and the other into their L2 (English). The following data from the translation tasks are analyzed: gaze time, average fixation duration, total task length and pupil dilation, all of which are assumed to be indicative of cognitive effort. Only the first hypothesis is found to be wholly confirmed by our data; the remaining hypotheses are only partially confirmed, that is, confirmed by some indicators and not by others, or confirmed for only one group of subjects.

directionality translation processes eye tracking cognitive effort gaze time average fixation duration pupil dilation pupillometry 2009 Denmark Tobii 1750

in list: Linguistics