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ABSTRACT
Visual analytics is often based on the intuition that highly interactive and dynamic depictions of complex and multivariate databases amplify human capabilities for inference and decision-making, as they facilitate cognitive tasks such as pattern recognition, association, and analytical reasoning (Thomas and Cook 2005). But how do we know whether visual analytics really works? This article offers a generic evaluation approach combining theory- and data-driven methods based on sequence similarity analysis. The approach systematically studies users' visual interaction strategies when using highly interactive interfaces. We specifically ask whether the efficiency (i.e., speed) of users can be characterized by specific display interaction event sequences, and whether studying user strategies could be employed to improve the (interaction) design of the dynamic displays. We showcase our approach using a very large, fine-grained spatiotemporal dataset of eye movement recordings collected during a controlled human subject experiment with dynamic visual analytics displays. With this methodological approach based on empirical evidence, we hope to contribute to a deeper understanding of how people make inferences and decisions with highly interactive visualization tools and complex displays.

Switzerland 2010 HCI Usability Tobii eye tracking X120 visual analytics strategy interactions dynamic display efficiency design

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
Following information scent has been established as a metaphor to describe a user's behaviour while navigating an information space by successively selecting hyperlinks. This metaphor suggests that users assess the profitability of following a particular hyperlink based on its perceived semantic association with their goal. The purpose of this paper is to study how information scent, this important attribute of hypermedia navigability, influences concurrently four aspects of users' behaviour while exploring a website: (1) distribution of attention; (2) confidence in choice of link; (3) efficiency; and (4) effectiveness. It was found that in webpages with high scent, users were significantly more focused, confident of their choices, efficient and effective compared to webpages with ambiguous scent. The findings of the study are discussed in comparison with results obtained from a previously conducted analysis using InfoScent Evaluator (ISEtool), a tool that has been proposed to facilitate scent evaluation of websites. This comparison provided support for the effectiveness of ISEtool in indicating potential scent-related navigability problems. We argue that such a tool-based approach can facilitate hypermedia design by reducing the resources and expertise required, and by providing the necessary flexibility for practitioners.

Greece 2010 Tobii eye tracking T60 website navigation HCI Usability behavior attention efficiency effectiveness

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
In this study, effectiveness, efficiency and user satisfaction of different menu designs were investigated. 24 graduate students voluntarily participated to the study. The results indicate that horizontal menus are more effective than vertical menus in terms of selecting sub menu items, overall task completion time is not related to menu design, horizontal overlapping menu design is the most effective one in terms of preventing user errors. Lastly, user satisfaction doesn't vary according to menu designs.

Turkey 2007 HCI Usability Tobii eye tracking effectiveness efficiency satisfaction menu design horizontal vertical

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
Build-a-Table is a free online tool that allows users to find, download and customize tables of data from the Census of Government Employment for 1997, 2002, and 2007. In January 2009, the Statistical Research Division (SRD) evaluated the usability of the Build-a-Table Web site. The testing evaluated the success and satisfaction of nine participants with the site developed by the Public Employment and Payroll Build-a-Table team from the Governments (GOVS) Division. Participants attempted to complete eight pre-determined tasks, developed specifically for this study, on the Web site. Usability testing revealed several usability problems including unclear instructions, lack of clarity in how many items could be chosen to build a table, and unclear functionality of the Main button. Overall, participants were satisfied with the Web site, and pre-determined satisfaction and efficiency goals were met. This report provides a complete summary of the findings of this usability evaluation. Recommendations are provided to improve the usability of the Build-a-Table Web site.

USA 2009 HCI Usability Tobii eye tracking 1750 census data evaluation development site website results efficiency

in list: HCI & Usability

ABSTRACT
An eye-tracking experiment is reported which investigates the underlying factors that affect training in the visual search of air passenger luggage for possible threat items so as to reduce errors and improve safe air travel. In this study, naïve observers learned to search for terrorist threat items of guns, knives and improvised explosive devices (IEDs) in airport passengers’ X-ray luggage images. During training, each participant viewed the same number of learning trials of guns, knives or IEDs. Transfer performance was measured in a same search task in which each participant was more familiar with the visual appearance of half of the test targets. Detection performance and eye movement data both showed improvement in the efficiency of search and recognition with practice, while the skills were stimulus-specific so that performance was degraded when novel targets were introduced. Perceptual learning and human errors of the implications for screener training are discussed.

UK 2007 Tobii eye tracking Cognitive Behavioral factors training visual search air passenger luggage practice improvement efficiency x-ray

in list: Cognitive & Behavioural Psychology